mortality/aging
• homozygous mutant embryos die between E10.5 and E11.5; all embryos are dead and at varying stages of resorption at E11.5
• no mouse embryonic fibroblasts could be established
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embryo
• at E10.5, yolk sac vessels are pale and empty
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• at E10.5, all embryos are smaller than heterozygous or wild-type embryos
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• at E9.5, the fetal placenta is much thinner and disorganized
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• at E9.5, organization of trophoblast giant cells is poor
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• at E9.5, trophoblast giant cell layers are markedly thinner
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• at E9.5, organization of spongiotrophoblasts is poor
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• at E9.5, spongiotrophoblast layers are markedly thinner
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• EM revealed failure of differentiation of labyrinthine trophoblasts as well as maternal and fetal blood spaces in labyrinth at E9.5
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• at E9.5, fetal blood spaces in labyrinth are not evident
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• at E9.5, maternal blood spaces are not evident
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• at E9.5, the labyrinthine layer of the fetal part of placenta is poorly organized
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• defects in placental development associated with disturbed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling
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growth/size/body
• at E10.5, all embryos are smaller than heterozygous or wild-type embryos
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cardiovascular system
• at E10.5, yolk sac vessels are pale and empty
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• at E10.5, hearts are underdeveloped and resemble embryonic hearts at E8.5-E9.5
• the primitive atrial chamber and ventricle are the only discernible chambers at E10.5; however, trabeculation in myocardial wall of ventricular chambers is visible
• micro-computed tomography revealed that heart and cavity volumes are 19% and 21% smaller, respectively, than in controls and only a two chambered heart is present
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• micro-computed tomography revealed that heart and cavity volumes are 19% and 21% smaller, respectively, than in controls and only a two chambered heart is present at E10.5
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• at E10.5, heart beats are weak or absent
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• at E10.5, heart beats are weak or absent
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cellular
• at E9.5, mitochondria in labyrinthine trophoblasts appear clustered, irregular in shape and electron-lucent with no clear cristae structure
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• analysis of several mitochondrial parameters revealed a reduced rate of mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized cells
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integument