Analysis Tools
immune system
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• dendrite protrusion of CX3CR1+ cells in the small intestine is severely reduced
• the methanol-soluble fraction of the small intestinal luminal contents of specific-pathogen-free mice does not induce dendrite extension of CX3CR1+ cells as in wild-type mice
• neither lactic acid or pyruvic acid nor lactate or pyruvate are able to induce dendrite extension of CX3CR1+ cells in vitro and in vivo, respectively, as in wild-type mice
• oral administration of L. helveticus does not increase the number of dendrite protrusions of CX3CR1+ cells as in wild-type mice
• however, the number of CX3CR1+ small intestinal myeloid cells is unaltered
• however, CD103+ cells extend their dendrites after Salmonella infection
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• mice show a reduced immune response to enteric bacteria
• mice administered a non-invasive intestinal bacteria, S. Typhimurium, show a decrease in the number of bacteria in CX3CR1+ cells
• however, capacity of bacterial engulfment in CX3CR1+ cells is not impaired
• bacterial load in the small intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver is severely reduced in mice administered S. Typhimurium
• the antibody response to S. Typhimurium administration is decreased in mutant mice compared to wild-type mice which show increased Salmonella-specific IgG
• the resistance to infection with invasive S. Typhimurium after oral immunization of non-pathogenic S. Typhimurium is reduced
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• mice treated with lactate or pyruvate and then administered S. Typhimurium fail to increase bacterial uptake as seen in wild-type mice and do not show increased serum concentrations of Salmonella-specific IgG
• mice sequentially treated with lactate or pyruvate and non-pathogenic S. Typhimurium and then infected with invasive S. Typhimurium are highly sensitive to infection with the invasive bacteria and survival rate is not increased as in wild-type mice
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