Analysis Tools
behavior/neurological
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• mice require reduced path lengths to find the escape chamber and need less time to enter the escape chamber (shorter escape latency) in the Barnes maze and reversal learning shows that mice perform better in terms of path length required to find the relocated escape chamber and escape latency, indicating improved spatial learning and memory
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• mice require reduced path lengths to find the escape chamber and need less time to enter the escape chamber (shorter escape latency) in the Barnes maze and reversal learning shows that mice perform better in terms of path length required to find the relocated escape chamber and escape latency, indicating improved spatial learning and memory
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• older mice show increased marble burying behavior
• however, mice perform similarly to wild-type mice in the sucrose preference test
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• in the elevated plus maze, middle aged, but not young mice, enter the open arms less frequently and stay there for shorter times, indicating increased anxiety
• in the dark/light exploration test, mice tend to show anxiety-like behavior, with an increased latency to enter the lit compartment, but the trend does not reach significance
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• mice at 4-5 months of age and 9-10 months of age spend less time in the center of the box of the open field arena indicating increased anxiety
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• hind paw grip strength is decreased in 8-9 month old males
• however, no difference in fore paw grip strength is seen
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• citrulline levels are increased by 14% in the basal ganglia region
• pipecoic acid levels, a catabolite of lysine, are higher in all parts of the brain, with increases ranging from 23% in the midbrain to 33% in the cortex
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• alanine levels are increased in the cortex by 21% and by 13% in the developing brains at P6
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• mice exhibit higher levels of GABA in whole brain extracts at 8 months of age, and in the cerebellar and midbrain region at 4 months of age
• GABA levels are also higher in whole brains and dissected cerebellae at P6
• however, levels of dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin and glutamate are normal at 4 months of age
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• glutamine levels are decreased by 20% in the hindbrain
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• glycine levels are decreased by 13% in the hindbrain
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• methionine levels are reduced by 35% in developing brains at P6
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• phenylalanine levels are reduced by 43% in developing brains at P6
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• serine levels are increased in the cortex by 14%
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• threonine levels are elevated by 35% in developing brains at P6
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• levels of pyridoxal 5-phosphate, the co-enzymatically active form of vitamin B6, are increased in brain, skeletal muscle, and red blood cells up to 3-fold
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muscle
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• older mice show decreased performance in the inverted screen test
• young mice show impaired performance in the weights test
• however, general locomotor activity is not different
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mortality/aging
| N |
• mice are born at the expected Mendelian frequencies and show normal viability and growth
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reproductive system
| N |
• mice show normal fertility
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