immune system
• aged mice exhibit splenomegaly
|
• aged mice show expansion of white pulps in spleens
|
• B-cells show decreased cell activation and proliferation on anti-IgM stimulation
• however, B-cell development is normal
|
• B-cells show decreased proliferation on anti-IgM stimulation
|
• T-cell dependent antibody production in the serum is moderately reduced after primary and secondary immunization
|
• mice immunized with a T-cell independent antigen, Ficoll, show decreased IgG3 levels
|
• mice immunized with a T-cell independent antigen, Ficoll, show decreased IgM levels
|
• activation of T-cells by anti-CD3 stimulation results in a higher level of T-cell activation markers, an increase in T-cell cell divisions, and enhanced calcium flux responses
• CD4+ and CD8+ T cells exhibit increased T-cell activation on anti-CD3 stimulation
• however, T-cell development is normal, with normal development of thymus-derived T regulatory cells, and function of spleen-derived Treg is unaffected
|
• CD4+ and CD8+ T cells exhibit increased T-cell proliferation and activation on anti-CD3 stimulation
• T-cells from KLH-immunized mice show enhanced proliferation on KLH restimulation
|
• serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines are elevated in 24, 48, and 72 week old mice
|
• serum levels of IFN-gamma are elevated in 24, 48, and 72 week old mice
• KLH-immunized mice show higher serum IFN-gamma levels
|
• serum levels of IL-17 are elevated in 24, 48, and 72 week old mice
• KLH-immunized mice show higher IL-17 levels
|
• serum levels of IL-6 are elevated in 24, 48, and 72 week old mice
|
• serum levels of TNF-alpha are elevated in 24, 48, and 72 week old mice
|
• T-cells produce more IFN-gamma than wild-type cells upon activation with anti-CD3 stimulation
• T-cells from KLH-immunized mice produce more IFN-gamma
|
• T-cells from KLH-immunized mice produce more IL-17
|
• T-cells produce more IL-2 than wild-type cells upon activation with anti-CD3 stimulation
• CD4+ T cells show increased IL-2 production on TCR signaling
|
• T-cells from KLH-immunized mice produce more IL-4
|
• aged mice develop systemic inflammation and autoimmune disease
|
• mice develop faster and more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) when immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptides
• levels of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-17 in the sera are increased in EAE-induced mice
• infiltrating CD4+ T cells in the brain are increased in EAE-induced mice
• infiltrating IFN-gamma+ Th1 cells and IL-17+ Th17 cells in the brain and spinal cord are increased in EAE-induced mice
• mice in which mutant CD4+ T cells were adoptively transferred into irradiated recipient mice develop more severe EAE when immunized with MOG peptides and receipient mice that are passively transferred with the ecephalitogenic CD4+ T cells from EAE-diseased mutant mice are mores susceptible to EAE induction
• splenic T cells restimulated with MOG peptides show enhanced proliferation, increased IL-2, IFN-gamma, and IL-17 production
|
• aged mice show massive infiltration of lymphocytes in liver periportal areas, lungs, and rental tubules indicating systemic inflammation
|
• aged mice show massive infiltration of lymphocytes in liver periportal areas
|
• aged mice show massive infiltration of lymphocytes in renal tubules and of mononuclear cells in kidneys
|
• aged mice show massive infiltration of lymphocytes in lungs
|
liver/biliary system
• aged mice show massive infiltration of lymphocytes in liver periportal areas
|
respiratory system
• aged mice show massive infiltration of lymphocytes in lungs
|
hematopoietic system
• aged mice exhibit splenomegaly
|
• aged mice show expansion of white pulps in spleens
|
• B-cells show decreased cell activation and proliferation on anti-IgM stimulation
• however, B-cell development is normal
|
• B-cells show decreased proliferation on anti-IgM stimulation
|
• T-cell dependent antibody production in the serum is moderately reduced after primary and secondary immunization
|
• mice immunized with a T-cell independent antigen, Ficoll, show decreased IgG3 levels
|
• mice immunized with a T-cell independent antigen, Ficoll, show decreased IgM levels
|
• activation of T-cells by anti-CD3 stimulation results in a higher level of T-cell activation markers, an increase in T-cell cell divisions, and enhanced calcium flux responses
• CD4+ and CD8+ T cells exhibit increased T-cell activation on anti-CD3 stimulation
• however, T-cell development is normal, with normal development of thymus-derived T regulatory cells, and function of spleen-derived Treg is unaffected
|
• CD4+ and CD8+ T cells exhibit increased T-cell proliferation and activation on anti-CD3 stimulation
• T-cells from KLH-immunized mice show enhanced proliferation on KLH restimulation
|
homeostasis/metabolism
• serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines are elevated in 24, 48, and 72 week old mice
|
• serum levels of IFN-gamma are elevated in 24, 48, and 72 week old mice
• KLH-immunized mice show higher serum IFN-gamma levels
|
• serum levels of IL-17 are elevated in 24, 48, and 72 week old mice
• KLH-immunized mice show higher IL-17 levels
|
• serum levels of IL-6 are elevated in 24, 48, and 72 week old mice
|
• serum levels of TNF-alpha are elevated in 24, 48, and 72 week old mice
|
cellular
• B-cells show decreased proliferation on anti-IgM stimulation
|
• CD4+ and CD8+ T cells exhibit increased T-cell proliferation and activation on anti-CD3 stimulation
• T-cells from KLH-immunized mice show enhanced proliferation on KLH restimulation
|
renal/urinary system
• aged mice show massive infiltration of lymphocytes in renal tubules and of mononuclear cells in kidneys
|
• kidneys from aged mice show glomerulomegaly with hypersegmentation
• kidneys of aged mice show more pronounced glomerular damage, massive mononuclear cell infiltration and tubulointerstitial injury (mesangial hypertrophy and tubulointerstitial injury
|
• aged mice show mesangial hypertrophy
|
• aged mice show hypersegmented glomeruli
|
growth/size/body
• aged mice exhibit splenomegaly
|