Analysis Tools
cellular
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• mice show a reduction of LC3I protein and increased LC3II/LC3I ratio and mice treated with chloroquine to inhibit lysosomal protein degradation show increased accumulation of LC3II, indicating enhanced autophagy flux in muscle
• muscle sections show an increase of autophagosome-related structures
• streptozotocin-treated mice show a reduction in LC3I levels, indicating enhanced diabetes-induced autophagy
• however, mice show a similar reduction in muscle autophagy as controls after denervation of the sciatic nerves
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growth/size/body
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• reduction in the lean tissue volume from 3 to 12 months of age
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• glucose blood levels either in fed or fasting conditions are normal, glucose utilization in a glucose tolerance test is normal and no differences in circulating cholesterol or triglyceride levels in fasted mice are seen
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• mice show a reduction of LC3I protein and increased LC3II/LC3I ratio and mice treated with chloroquine to inhibit lysosomal protein degradation show increased accumulation of LC3II, indicating enhanced autophagy flux in muscle
• muscle sections show an increase of autophagosome-related structures
• streptozotocin-treated mice show a reduction in LC3I levels, indicating enhanced diabetes-induced autophagy
• however, mice show a similar reduction in muscle autophagy as controls after denervation of the sciatic nerves
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• streptozotocin (STZ)-treated mice show a reduction in LC3I levels, indicating enhanced diabetes-induced autophagy
• however, mice with STZ-induced diabetes treated with chloroquine show a similar extent of muscle mass loss and similar increase in LC3II levels as controls
• however, mice show no differences from wild-type mice in the regeneration of cardiotoxin-induced muscle damage
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muscle
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• mice show a more drastic muscle loss upon induction of diabetes with streptozotocin than wild-type mice indicating increased susceptibility to muscle wasting induced by diabetes
• however, mice with STZ-induced diabetes treated with chloroquine show a similar extent of muscle mass loss as controls and mice show a similar level of muscle atrophy as controls after denervation of the sciatic nerves
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• decrease in myofiber cross-sectional area, with a reduction in area of type IIb, IIx and IIa myofibers
• however, no differences in the distribution of type IIb, IIx or IIa myofibers are seen in tibialis anterior muscles and mitochondrial content and functionality are not altered in myofibers
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• mice exhibit a reduction in the weight of skeletal muscles
• however, no changes in body weight or food intake are seen
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