mortality/aging
• median lifespan of 40 days
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growth/size/body
• net volume and ratio of fat mass is lower
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• adults (2 months of age) appear smaller, with decreased size beginning at 3 weeks after birth
• body weight of 2 month old males is about 35% lower than in controls
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muscle
• skeletal muscle shows dilated endoplasmic reticulum lumen, reduced mitochondrial cristae density, and ruffled nucleus morphology
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• reduction in muscle cross-sectional area of the soleus muscle
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• increase in the prevalence of central nuclei in the myofibrils of the soleus muscle
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• reduction in muscle mass
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adipose tissue
• net volume and ratio of fat mass is lower
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• cell volume of white adipose tissue is lower
• however, histology of brown adipose tissue is unaffected and lean mass is unaffected
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behavior/neurological
• frequency of twitching is increased
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• 50% reduction in grip strength
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• mice show reductions in the frequencies of drinking, hanging, rearing and walking during the night indicating that mice are less active at night
• however, no differences in daytime activity are seen
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cardiovascular system
cellular
• nuclear morphology of skeletal muscle becomes ruffled
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• endoplasmic reticulum lumen in the myonuclei is dilated
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• density of mitochondrial cristae is reduced is skeletal muscle
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• marker analysis indicates elevated ER stress in skeletal muscle
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homeostasis/metabolism
• surface temperature of the eye and the trunk is lower indicating lower body temperature
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• carbon dioxide production per unit activity is lower during the night
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• whole-body consumption of oxygen is lower during the night
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• the respiratory exchange ratio is increased during the day
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• heat production is lower at night but not during the day
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skeleton