reproductive system
• females are fertile
• testis and epididymis weights are similar to controls
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• significant reduction in the number of sperm with normal morphology and increase in the frequency of sperm with multiple heads
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• increase in the frequency of sperm with multiple heads
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• decrease in sperm velocity after 2h incubation
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• decrease in proteasome activity in testicular cells
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• when mated to wild-type C57BL/6 females plug formation is observed but no pregnancies are detected
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• in-vitro sperm fails to fertilize eggs under either the cumulus-intact or cumulus-free conditions but fertilization does take place under the zona pellucida condition
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endocrine/exocrine glands
• no abnormalities were detected in the function or development of cortical thymic epithelial cells
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• decrease in proteasome activity in testicular cells
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cellular
• significant reduction in the number of sperm with normal morphology and increase in the frequency of sperm with multiple heads
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• increase in the frequency of sperm with multiple heads
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• decrease in sperm velocity after 2h incubation
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