reproductive system
• spermatozoa are unable to fertilize cumulus-intact oocytes and accumulate in the perivitelline space during in vitro fertilization
• spermatozoa are unable to fertilize zona pellucida-free oocytes
• however, testis appearance, size and weight are normal, no differences in composition, quantity, and morphology of spermatogenic cells are seen, and spermatozoa show normal morphology and motility
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• spermatozoa are able to bind to the oocyte surface but rarely fuse with the oocyte membrane
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