reproductive system
• in in vitro fertilization with cumulus-intact oocytes, spermatozoa are able to penetrate zona pellucida but accumulate in the perivitelline space and are unable to fertilize oocytes
• spermatozoa are unable to fertilize zona pellucida-free oocytes
• however, testis morphology and weight are normal, no defects in spermatogenesis are seen, and spermatozoa morphology is normal
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• spermatozoa are able to bind to the oocyte membrane but not fuse with it
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