skeleton
• mice exhibit an increased risk of developing congenital vertebral malformations, with 60% of mice showing congenital vertebral malformations at 35-45 days of age
• vertebral defects include fusions and clefts of the vertebrae
• all the affected vertebrae are clustered on the cervical segments and no obvious malformations are seen in the other portions of the spine
• 55% incidence of congenital vertebral malformations at the C1 and C2 positions and 10% at the C3 and C4 positions
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• vertebral defects include fusions
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