mortality/aging
• approximate 30% long-term survival
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• 50% of mice die by 5 weeks of age
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cardiovascular system
• hearts show rare focal myocyte vacuolization, myofibril splaying, and nuclear enlargement
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• hearts show mild focal interstitial fibrosis
• however, hearts are grossly normal without hypertrophy or chamber enlargement, normal ventricular myocardium
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• 4-week old mice exhibit non-sustained and sustained ventricular tachycardia
• ventricular tachycardia is initiated after prolonged ventricular pause (following a ventricular premature beat or A-V block) and shows no circadian or activity-related correlation
• programmed stimulation induces ventricular tachycardia in 63% of transgenic mice with none in wild-type mice
• 5 week old mice show no differences in ventricular tachycardia frequency before, during, or after exercise
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• 4 of 12 mice that die suddenly show ventricular tachycardia progressing to ventricular fibrillation
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• 3 of 8 mice exhibit ventricular premature beats at 3 weeks of age
• all mice show high-grade ventricular ectopy at 4 weeks of age
• ventricular premature beat density increases at slower heart rates associated with high-grade atrioventricular block
• however, beginning at 5 weeks of age, the surviving mice show decreased ventricular ectopy density
• 5 week old mice show no differences in ventricular premature beat before, during, or after exercise
• isoproterenol or atropine treatment reduces ventricular premature beat frequency
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• all mice at 3 weeks of age exhibit complete atrial-His (AH) block
• by 6-9 months of age, surviving mice have one-to-one A-V conduction, albeit with prolonged AH and AV node-effective refractory periods
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• all mice develop first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block by 2 weeks of age
• by 3 weeks, all mice progress to complete atrioventricular block
• however, beginning at 5 weeks of age, the surviving mice show improved atrioventricular conduction
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• all mice exhibit prolonged PR at 2 weeks of age
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• mice at 3 weeks of age exhibit increased atrial-effective refractory period and ventricular-effective refractory period
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• all mice at 3 weeks of age exhibit prolonged His-ventricular intervals
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• all mice show mild QRS prolongation at 2 weeks of age
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• lower mean arterial blood pressure at baseline and throughout the dobutamine dose range
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liver/biliary system
• focal apoptosis and necrosis in centrilobular areas of the liver
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muscle
• hearts show rare focal myocyte vacuolization, myofibril splaying, and nuclear enlargement
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nervous system
• focal apoptosis and necrosis in CA1/CA2 regions of the hippocampus
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cellular
• hearts show mild focal interstitial fibrosis
• however, hearts are grossly normal without hypertrophy or chamber enlargement, normal ventricular myocardium
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