Analysis Tools
immune system
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• tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining of femora revealed a significant increase in the number of TRAP+ cells (number of osteoclasts per bone surface)
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• in vitro, bone marrow cells form significantly higher numbers of colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage colonies (CFU-GMs) indicating enhanced proliferation of osteoclast progenitors
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• immunostaining revealed a drastic increase in areas positively stained for pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in femoral tissue
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• marked increase in serum concentrations of IL-1 alpha as determined by ELISA
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• unexpectedly, marked increase in serum concentrations of IL-10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine that can suppress osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption) as determined by ELISA
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• marked increase in serum concentrations of IL-6 as determined by ELISA
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• marked increase in serum concentrations of TNF-alpha as determined by ELISA
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skeleton
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• in vitro, bone marrow cells form significantly lower numbers of colony-forming unit-fibroblast colonies (CFU-Fs) indicating impaired proliferation of osteoblast precursors
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• tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining of femora revealed a significant increase in the number of TRAP+ cells (number of osteoclasts per bone surface)
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• in vitro, bone marrow cells form significantly higher numbers of colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage colonies (CFU-GMs) indicating enhanced proliferation of osteoclast progenitors
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• femora show a significantly reduced periosteal perimeter of femoral diaphysis
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• femora show a significantly reduced periosteal perimeter of femoral diaphysis
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• microcomputed tomography images of femora revealed a significantly reduced trabecular bone volume fraction (trabecular bone volume per tissue volume)
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• femora show a significantly reduced trabecular number
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• femora show a significantly increased trabecular separation
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• femora show a significantly reduced trabecular bone thickness
• however, cortical bone thickness of femora is NOT significantly reduced
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osteoporosis
(
J:282124
)
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• mice show inflammatory bone loss-like phenotypes including elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased osteoclast formation and trabecular bone tissue destruction, and impaired osteogenic activities
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• marked reduction in serum osteocalcin concentration as determined by ELISA
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• marked increase in serum C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX-I) concentration as determined by ELISA
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• immunostaining revealed a drastic increase in areas positively stained for pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in femoral tissue
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• marked increase in serum concentrations of IL-1 alpha as determined by ELISA
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• unexpectedly, marked increase in serum concentrations of IL-10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine that can suppress osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption) as determined by ELISA
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• marked increase in serum concentrations of IL-6 as determined by ELISA
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• marked increase in serum concentrations of TNF-alpha as determined by ELISA
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hematopoietic system
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• tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining of femora revealed a significant increase in the number of TRAP+ cells (number of osteoclasts per bone surface)
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• in vitro, bone marrow cells form significantly higher numbers of colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage colonies (CFU-GMs) indicating enhanced proliferation of osteoclast progenitors
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cellular
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• in vitro, bone marrow cells form significantly lower numbers of colony-forming unit-fibroblast colonies (CFU-Fs) indicating impaired proliferation of osteoblast precursors
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limbs/digits/tail
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• femora show a significantly reduced periosteal perimeter of femoral diaphysis
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