reproductive system
• all sperm show tail defects
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• severe defects in the sheaths in the midpiece
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• mitochondria are variable in size and have an irregular appearance
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• severely reduced
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• males are infertile despite displaying normal mating behavior
• male infertility can be bypassed using intracytoplasmic sperm injection
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cellular
• all sperm show tail defects
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• severe defects in the sheaths in the midpiece
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• mitochondria are variable in size and have an irregular appearance
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• severely reduced
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• significant decrease in the relative activities of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV and lower ATP levels in sperm samples
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