reproductive system
• attenuation of sperm motility
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• incidence of seminiferous tubules with large vacuoles is increased at 8 and 13 weeks of age
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• testes weights are reduced at 13 and 20 weeks of age
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• males exhibit incomplete spermatogenesis, showing large vacuoles in seminiferous tubules at 8 and 13 weeks of age
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• mice show an increase in the percentage of sperm head abnormalities, showing small and abnormally shaped heads
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• while wild-type females show plugs after mating with mutant males, they do not become pregnant and do not birth pups
• however, no change in testosterone level is seen in males
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• in vitro fertilization using spermatozoa from 3-month-old mice shows almost no fertility with intact oocytes (1.7% fertilized eggs with mutant spermatozoa vs. 53.8% fertilized eggs with wild-type spermatozoa)
• however, spermatozoa is able to bind to the zona pellucida in in vitro fertilization experiments and some eggs show 2 pronuclei
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endocrine/exocrine glands
• incidence of seminiferous tubules with large vacuoles is increased at 8 and 13 weeks of age
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• testes weights are reduced at 13 and 20 weeks of age
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cellular
• mice show an increase in the percentage of sperm head abnormalities, showing small and abnormally shaped heads
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• attenuation of sperm motility
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