skeleton
• markers of osteoblast differentiation are upregulated in calvaria osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells
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• osteoclast surface/bone surface is modestly elevated in proximal tibia, with a trend towards an increase in number of osteoclasts/bone perimeter
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• markers of osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast activity are increased
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• marrow area is decreased
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• 67% reduction in bone marrow adipocyte numbers in tibia at 16 weeks of age
• bone marrow shows a reduced adipocyte volume and adipocyte volume/tissue volume ratio
• however, no difference in adipocyte size in bone marrow adipocyte tissue
• mice fed a high-fat diet exhibit less marrow fat
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• total and femoral areal bone mineral content is lower at 8 weeks of age but by 16 weeks, it is similar to wild-type levels
• ovariectomized mice show decreased areal bone mineral content compared to controls
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• total and femoral areal bone mineral density is lower at 8 weeks of age but by 16 weeks, it is similar to wild-type levels
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• bone volume/tissue volume of proximal tibia at 16 weeks of age is increased
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• cortical porosity is decreased
• however, no difference in cortical tissue mineral density is seen
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• total area of cortical bone is decreased
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• increase in cortical bone mass
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• cortical area/total area and cortical thickness are increased
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• 35% higher trabecular bone mineral density
• 11% decrease in structural model index
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• 41% higher trabecular bone volume fraction
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• trabecular number in proximal tibia at 16 weeks of age is increased
• 21% increase in trabecular number
• mice fed a high-fat diet exhibit higher trabecular number
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• 17% decrease in trabecular separation
• trabecular separation in proximal tibia at 16 weeks of age is decreased
• mice fed a high-fat diet exhibit lower trabecular separation
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• 79% greater connectivity density
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• mice fed a high-fat diet exhibit lower trabecular thickness than in controls
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• trabecular thickness of proximal tibia at 16 weeks of age is increased
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• calvaria osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells show an increase in osteogenesis in vitro, showing an increase in matrix mineralization
• mineral surface/bone surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate/bone surface of proximal tibia are increased
• mice fed a high-fat diet show higher osteogenesis related gene expression
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adipose tissue
• 16.2% and 34.4% reduction in total fat at 8 and 16 weeks, respectively
• however, no differences in inguinal, gonadal, and brown adipose tissue weights
• mice are resistant to ovariectomy-induced adiposity but not bone loss, showing decreased areal bone mineral content and femoral bone mineral density and lower inguinal fat weight
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• calvaria osteoblasts exhibit decreased adipogenesis when grown in culture in osteogenic media
• in vitro ear mesenchymal stem cell adipogenesis cultures show a decrease in lipid droplets
• expression levels of adipogenic related genes is reduced in calvaria osteoblasts but not in bone marrow stromal cells
• mice fed a high-fat diet show reduced adipocyte volume and adipogenesis related gene expression in peripheral and bone marrow fat tissue
• however, in vitro bone marrow stromal cells adipogenic cultures do not show a decrease in lipid droplets
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• 67% reduction in bone marrow adipocyte numbers in tibia at 16 weeks of age
• bone marrow shows a reduced adipocyte volume and adipocyte volume/tissue volume ratio
• however, no difference in adipocyte size in bone marrow adipocyte tissue
• mice fed a high-fat diet exhibit less marrow fat
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• adipocyte size in inguinal and gonadal fat pads are smaller
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• ovariectomized mice show lower inguinal fat weight than controls
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growth/size/body
• 5.8% and 6% reduction in lean mass at 8 and 16 weeks, respectively
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• mice are 7.6% and 12.7% smaller than wild-type mice at 8 and 16 weeks, respectively
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hematopoietic system
• osteoclast surface/bone surface is modestly elevated in proximal tibia, with a trend towards an increase in number of osteoclasts/bone perimeter
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• markers of osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast activity are increased
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homeostasis/metabolism
• blood glucose levels are lower in the glucose tolerance test indicating improved glucose tolerance
• however, mice show similar blood glucose levels in the insulin tolerance test
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immune system
• osteoclast surface/bone surface is modestly elevated in proximal tibia, with a trend towards an increase in number of osteoclasts/bone perimeter
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• markers of osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast activity are increased
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cellular
• markers of osteoblast differentiation are upregulated in calvaria osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells
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