behavior/neurological
• reduced frequency of copulation plugs compared to wild type control
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cellular
• more than 40% of spermatids show bent head malformations
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• progressive motility, path velocity (VAP), progressive velocity (VSL), and track speed (VCL) were significantly lower
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reproductive system
• more than 40% of spermatids show bent head malformations
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• progressive motility, path velocity (VAP), progressive velocity (VSL), and track speed (VCL) were significantly lower
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• in addition to reduced male fertility by mating, the homozygous male showed the severely reduced in vitro fertilization rates
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