mortality/aging
• no live pups are recovered and most mutants die by E14.5, most likely due to complex structural heart defects
• embryos exposed to vismodegib from E7.25/E8.5 to E11.25 in utero show a 16-fold higher survival to E14.5 than controls
|
growth/size/body
heterotaxia
(
J:311933
)
• all embryos exhibit heterotaxy, with abnormalities in lung lobation and abnormal left-right positioning of multiple visceral organs, including the heart, stomach, spleen and pancreas
|
• 27% of E13.5-E14.5 mutants exhibit abnormal abdomen situs
|
• 100% of E13.5-E14.5 mutants exhibit abnormal lung situs
|
• most embryos have either complete or partial right pulmonary isomerism: a duplication of the right lung morphology on the left side
|
• 100% of of E13.5-E14.5 mutants exhibit heterotaxy and situs inversus
|
cardiovascular system
• 9% of E13.5-E14.5 mutants exhibit double outlet right ventricle
• embryos exposed to vismodegib from E7.25/E8.5 to E11.25 in utero show improved congenital heart defect phenotypes; instead of the predominant transposition of great arteries, the phenotype is shifted to the less severe double outlet right ventricle, and there is a reduction in the incidence of mesocardiac, dextrocardia and right aortic arch
|
• 73% of E13.5-E14.5 mutants exhibit transposition of the great arteries
|
• 73% of E13.5-E14.5 mutants exhibit abnormal cardiac apex; mesocardiac or dextrocardia
|
dextrocardia
(
J:311933
)
mesocardia
(
J:311933
)
• 100% of E13.5-E14.5 mutants exhibit cardiac septum defects, either ventricular septal defect or atrioventricular septal defect
|
• 18% of E13.5-E14.5 mutants exhibit persistent truncus arteriosus
• embryos exposed to vismodegib from E7.25/E8.5 to E11.25 in utero do not develop persistent truncus arteriosus
|
limbs/digits/tail
• 100% of E13.5-E14.5 mutants exhibit preaxial polydactyly in both forelimbs and hindlimbs
• treatment of pregnant mice with a small-molecule Smoothened antagonist vismodegib for about 2 days often corrects the polydactyly, resulting in embryos with normal limbs with five digits
|
short tibia
(
J:311933
)
• truncated tibia
|
nervous system
exencephaly
(
J:311933
)
• a subset of embryos exhibit exencephaly
|
respiratory system
• 100% of E13.5-E14.5 mutants exhibit abnormal lung situs
|
• most embryos have either complete or partial right pulmonary isomerism: a duplication of the right lung morphology on the left side
|
skeleton
short tibia
(
J:311933
)
• truncated tibia
|