Analysis Tools
growth/size/body
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• lower incisors are significantly shorter in length at 6 weeks of age
• however, lower incisors show normal length at 3 and 12 weeks of age
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• upper incisors are significantly shorter in length at both 6 and 12 weeks of age
• however, upper incisors show normal length at 3 weeks of age
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craniofacial
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• lower incisors are significantly shorter in length at 6 weeks of age
• however, lower incisors show normal length at 3 and 12 weeks of age
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• upper incisors are significantly shorter in length at both 6 and 12 weeks of age
• however, upper incisors show normal length at 3 weeks of age
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reproductive system
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• at 7-9 months of age, ovaries contain significantly fewer corpora lutea (CL) than in wild-type females
• however, CL numbers are normal at 6 and 12 weeks of age
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• at 7-9 months of age, ovaries contain significantly more primary follicles than in wild-type females
• however, numbers of primordial follicles are normal both at 3-12 weeks as well as at 7-9 months of age
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• at 7-9 months of age, ovaries contain significantly fewer antral follicles than in wild-type females
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• at 6 months of age, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) immunoreactivity is significantly reduced in preantral secondary stage follicles
• however, numbers of secondary follicles are normal at 3 weeks and at 7-9 months of age
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• at 6 months of age, ovaries show a ~2-fold increase in mRNA expression of genes required to make inhibin and activin (Inha, Inhba, Inhbb) at diestrus
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• at 6 months of age, 75% of ovaries show pathologic accumulation of large patches of F4/80+ multinucleated macrophage giant cells that are not present at 3 weeks or 3 months of age, suggesting increased tissue inflammation and premature aging
• however, no increase in ovary fibrosis is observed by picrosirius red staining
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• disruptions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis result in irregular estrous cycles
• at 6 months of age, the number of estrous cycles per month is significantly lower than in wild-type females
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• no correlation between serum estradiol and FSH levels is observed in diestrous stage, unlike in wild-type females
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• at 6 months of age, the % of days spent in diestrus is significantly increased
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short estrus
(
J:318711
)
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• at 6 months of age, the number of estrous days per month is significantly decreased
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• at 6 months of age, the % of days spent in metestrus is significantly increased
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• females show a significant decrease in the number of litters per month regardless of age
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• a 22% decrease in average litter size is observed in older females at 5-8 months, but not at 1-4 months of age
• however, overall, the average litter size for the entire breeding trial (months 1-8) is not significantly altered
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homeostasis/metabolism
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N |
• at 6 months of age, females show normal serum levels of FSH, LH, estradiol and testosterone at diestrus
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• at 6 months of age, ovarian anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels are significantly lower than in wild-type females
• despite reduced levels of AMH, the primordial follicle pool is normal in adult females
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• at 6 months of age, serum AMH levels are significantly lower than in wild-type females
• reduction in serum AMH levels is due to loss of AMH production in granulosa cells, not due to loss of growing preantral follicles
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immune system
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• at 6 months of age, 75% of ovaries show pathologic accumulation of large patches of F4/80+ multinucleated macrophage giant cells that are not present at 3 weeks or 3 months of age, suggesting increased tissue inflammation and premature aging
• however, no increase in ovary fibrosis is observed by picrosirius red staining
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• at 7-9 months of age, ovaries contain significantly fewer corpora lutea (CL) than in wild-type females
• however, CL numbers are normal at 6 and 12 weeks of age
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• at 7-9 months of age, ovaries contain significantly more primary follicles than in wild-type females
• however, numbers of primordial follicles are normal both at 3-12 weeks as well as at 7-9 months of age
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• at 7-9 months of age, ovaries contain significantly fewer antral follicles than in wild-type females
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• at 6 months of age, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) immunoreactivity is significantly reduced in preantral secondary stage follicles
• however, numbers of secondary follicles are normal at 3 weeks and at 7-9 months of age
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• at 6 months of age, ovaries show a ~2-fold increase in mRNA expression of genes required to make inhibin and activin (Inha, Inhba, Inhbb) at diestrus
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• at 6 months of age, 75% of ovaries show pathologic accumulation of large patches of F4/80+ multinucleated macrophage giant cells that are not present at 3 weeks or 3 months of age, suggesting increased tissue inflammation and premature aging
• however, no increase in ovary fibrosis is observed by picrosirius red staining
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skeleton
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• lower incisors are significantly shorter in length at 6 weeks of age
• however, lower incisors show normal length at 3 and 12 weeks of age
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• upper incisors are significantly shorter in length at both 6 and 12 weeks of age
• however, upper incisors show normal length at 3 weeks of age
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