Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• cauda epididymal sperm count is very low
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• most of the few sperm observed in the cauda epididymis show abnormal morphology
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• when formed, sperm tails contain abnormal axonemes
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• when formed, sperm tails lack the mitochondrial sheath
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• when formed, sperm tails show a disorganized fibrous sheath
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• flagellated sperm are almost completely absent
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• few remaining sperm exhibit a short tail
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• few remaining sperm exhibit an abnormal head shape
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• elongating spermatids show detachment of the acrosome
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• round spermatids exhibit highly glutamylated microtubules
• elongating spermatids have abnormal nuclear shapes and nuclear inclusions
• number of elongating spermatids with supernumerary (>2) basal bodies is strikingly increased
• condensing and elongated spermatids are reduced in number and mislocalized
• condensed spermatids exhibit abnormal, curly flagella
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• early and intermediate elongating spermatids show atypical manchette shapes
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• when visible, the manchette is hypertrophic and manchette microtubules are highly disorganized while the insertion of the manchette around the nucleus is completely defective
• a specialized connecting structure, composed of the circumferential groove and the perinuclear ring, is largely absent
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• timely manchette disassembly is perturbed, as manchettes are detected in cells with fully compacted nuclei, where it is normally absent
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• perinuclear ring is largely absent
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• spermatids are mislocalized at different stages throughout the different regions of the seminiferous tubules
• no flagellated spermatozoa are found in the lumen of the tubules
• however, seminiferous tubule size is normal
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• condensing and elongated spermatids are reduced in number and mislocalized at all stages, indicating testis tissue disorganization
• various defects in spermiogenesis are observed from the early elongating spermatid stage to the condensed spermatid stage
• higher glutamylation levels are detected on additional microtubules caudal to the manchette at the round-spermatid stage
• vacuolization of the cytoplasm and abnormal accumulation of cytoplasm in sperm cells with highly condensed nucleus is observed
• microtubule-dependent defects include malformation of the manchette, overduplication of basal bodies, and formation of multiple defective axonemes
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• no mature spermatozoa are found in the caput epididymis
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• no mature spermatozoa, but many immature spermatocytes, are found in the cauda epididymis
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• males are completely sterile
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cellular
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• cauda epididymal sperm count is very low
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|
|
• most of the few sperm observed in the cauda epididymis show abnormal morphology
|
|
|
• when formed, sperm tails contain abnormal axonemes
|
|
|
• when formed, sperm tails lack the mitochondrial sheath
|
|
|
• when formed, sperm tails show a disorganized fibrous sheath
|
|
|
• flagellated sperm are almost completely absent
|
|
|
• few remaining sperm exhibit a short tail
|
|
|
• few remaining sperm exhibit an abnormal head shape
|
|
|
• elongating spermatids show detachment of the acrosome
|
|
|
• round spermatids exhibit highly glutamylated microtubules
• elongating spermatids have abnormal nuclear shapes and nuclear inclusions
• number of elongating spermatids with supernumerary (>2) basal bodies is strikingly increased
• condensing and elongated spermatids are reduced in number and mislocalized
• condensed spermatids exhibit abnormal, curly flagella
|
|
|
• early and intermediate elongating spermatids show atypical manchette shapes
|
|
|
• when visible, the manchette is hypertrophic and manchette microtubules are highly disorganized while the insertion of the manchette around the nucleus is completely defective
• a specialized connecting structure, composed of the circumferential groove and the perinuclear ring, is largely absent
|
|
|
• timely manchette disassembly is perturbed, as manchettes are detected in cells with fully compacted nuclei, where it is normally absent
|
|
|
• perinuclear ring is largely absent
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• spermatids are mislocalized at different stages throughout the different regions of the seminiferous tubules
• no flagellated spermatozoa are found in the lumen of the tubules
• however, seminiferous tubule size is normal
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