mortality/aging
• about 34% of mice die in the first 100 days after birth
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cardiovascular system
• isolated hearts are flabby, flimsy and flatten under their own weight
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• left ventricular walls are thinner in males, but not females
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• left ventricle chamber is enlarged in males, but not females
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• mice exhibit a dilated cardiomyopathy-like phenotype at 8 weeks of age with reduced ejection fraction and enlarged left ventricle chamber
• however, no fibrosis is seen at 8 weeks of age
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• echocardiography shows reduced ejection fraction and an enlarged left ventricle chamber in both diastole and systole
• males show decreased aorta ejection time, ventricular wall thickness, velocity time integral and pulmonary artery ejection time
• the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion depth is reduced
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muscle
• mice exhibit a dilated cardiomyopathy-like phenotype at 8 weeks of age with reduced ejection fraction and enlarged left ventricle chamber
• however, no fibrosis is seen at 8 weeks of age
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