Analysis Tools
reproductive system
 N |
• male mice show normal gross testis morphology and weight relative to wild-type and heterozygous males
|
|
|
• H&E staining showed less spermatozoa in testis and epididymis sections
• cauda epididymal sperm count is about half of that in wild-type and heterozygous males
|
|
|
• ~90% of epididymal sperm show abnormal morphologies, including round sperm heads, headless sperm, bent tail and bent neck
|
|
|
• PNA staining showed no acrosome signal in cauda epididymal spermatozoa, suggesting no acrosome or lack of beta-D-galactosylation on acrosomal membrane proteins
• given that the acrosome is formed normally in the testis, acrosome formation is likely to be affected at the maturation phase
|
|
|
• spermatids show reduced acrosomal enrichment of PLCZ1 but normal acrosome formation
|
|
|
• no pups are born when males are mated with wild-type female mice for a 3-mo period
|
|
|
• Ca2+ oscillations are not properly triggered in ICSI embryos with mutant sperm, suggesting that sperm defects affect oocyte activation after ICSI
|
|
|
• after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), only ~15% of wild-type oocytes injected with mutant sperm develop to 2-cell embryos, indicating fertilization failure after ICSI
• after artificial oocyte activation (AOA) treatment, the 2-cell embryo rate in the ICSI group injected with mutant sperm is increased from ~15% to ~40%
• failure to initiate Ca2+ oscillations in ICSI embryos with mutant sperm contributes to fertilization failure after ICSI
• even after AOA treatment, only 2 out of total 73 embryos injected with mutant sperm reach the blastocyst stage, suggesting that additional sperm defects affect the in vitro developmental potential of zygotes, and these are not rescued by ICSI-AOA
|
|
|
• cauda epididymal spermatozoa show reduced expression of PLCZ1 (phospholipase C zeta 1), known to play a key role in inducing calcium oscillations, at the acrosomal and post-acrosomal regions
|
|
|
• cauda epididymal sperm motility is severely reduced relative to that in wild-type and heterozygous males
|
cellular
|
|
• H&E staining showed less spermatozoa in testis and epididymis sections
• cauda epididymal sperm count is about half of that in wild-type and heterozygous males
|
|
|
• ~90% of epididymal sperm show abnormal morphologies, including round sperm heads, headless sperm, bent tail and bent neck
|
|
|
• PNA staining showed no acrosome signal in cauda epididymal spermatozoa, suggesting no acrosome or lack of beta-D-galactosylation on acrosomal membrane proteins
• given that the acrosome is formed normally in the testis, acrosome formation is likely to be affected at the maturation phase
|
|
|
• spermatids show reduced acrosomal enrichment of PLCZ1 but normal acrosome formation
|
|
|
• cauda epididymal sperm motility is severely reduced relative to that in wild-type and heterozygous males
|
