mortality/aging
• cardiomyopathy leading to premature death by 6 months of age
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cardiovascular system
• heart muscle shows mitochondrial abnormalities, including alterations in inner mitochondrial membrane cristae morphology and mitochondrial disorganization
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• mice exhibit increased heart weight by 2 months of age
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• hearts show hypertrophy with activation of the fetal gene program
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• a low level of diffuse interstitial fibrosis is seen throughout the heart of 2-month-old mice
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• mice exhibit a progressive reduction in fractional shortening at 1 to 6 months of age
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• echocardiography of left ventricular function shows increased left ventricular internal diameter during both diastole and systole at 2 and 6 months of age, decreased left ventricular posterior wall thickness during both diastole and systole, and reduced fractional shortening at 1, 2, and 6 months of age indicating that mice show early signs of cardiomyopathy by weaning age (1 month) which progresses to severe heart failure by 6 months of age
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• heart failure by 6 months of age
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cellular
• a low level of diffuse interstitial fibrosis is seen throughout the heart of 2-month-old mice
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• heart muscle shows mitochondrial abnormalities, including alterations in inner mitochondrial membrane cristae morphology and mitochondrial disorganization
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• cardiac mitochondria shows a reduction in total NADH oxidase activity
• cardiac extracts show reductions in protein levels of complex I, complex IV, and complex V and the reactive oxygen species scavenger protein glutathione peroxidase 4
• however, heart mitochondria does not show altered complex III activity and no changes in mitochondrial supercomplex formation or stability
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• heart tissues shows reduced ratio of glutathione to oxidized glutathione, suggesting a high level oxidative stress in hearts
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growth/size/body
• mice exhibit increased heart weight by 2 months of age
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• hearts show hypertrophy with activation of the fetal gene program
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• mice exhibit increased lung weight by 2 months of age
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homeostasis/metabolism
• large left atrial thrombi are commonly seen at 6 months of age
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muscle
• mice exhibit a progressive reduction in fractional shortening at 1 to 6 months of age
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respiratory system
• mice exhibit increased lung weight by 2 months of age
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