cellular
• mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibit ciliogenesis defects with reduced percentage of ciliated cells but no effect on ciliary length
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• males show an increase in the number of aberrant spermatozoa with no tails
• however, flagellated sperm that do exist maintain normal flagellar length and show normal motility and male fertility is unaffected
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• mice show a decrease in the number of renal primary cilia
• however, average ciliary length is normal
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• number of retinal photoreceptor cilia is decreased
• however, length of existing cilia is not significantly affected
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cardiovascular system
• surface electrocardiography (ECG) shows a modest reduction in QRS duration
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• surface electrocardiography (ECG) shows reduced average R-wave duration
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nervous system
• number of retinal photoreceptor cilia is decreased
• however, length of existing cilia is not significantly affected
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renal/urinary system
• mice show a decrease in the number of renal primary cilia
• however, average ciliary length is normal
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reproductive system
• males show an increase in the number of aberrant spermatozoa with no tails
• however, flagellated sperm that do exist maintain normal flagellar length and show normal motility and male fertility is unaffected
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respiratory system
• mice show a reduction in the percentage of ciliated cells in the tracheal epithelium
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vision/eye
• number of retinal photoreceptor cilia is decreased
• however, length of existing cilia is not significantly affected
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• electroretinogram analysis of light response from dark-adapted mice shows reduction in the amplitude of the a-wave
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• electroretinogram analysis of light response from dark-adapted mice shows reduction in the amplitude of the b-wave
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• flash visual evoked potential components show reduced voltage amplitude
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• mice exhibit defective vision
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