reproductive system
• 67-fold increase in the percentage of abnormal morphology immotile sperm
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• testes show an increase in sperm nuclei surrounded by excess cytoplasm at stage IX (80.6% percent of sperm vs. 20.5% of sperm in controls)
• caudal epididymis sperm have morphologically normal nuclei, however the cytoplasm around the nuclei and neck is retained and contains organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and vacuoles
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• velocity parameters of sperm (average path velocity [VAP], curvilinear velocity [VCL], and straight-line velocity [VSL]) are impaired, with both a decrease in VAP and VSL at 15 min of incubation in TYH medium and VCL at 120 min of incubation in TYH medium
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• percentage of motile sperm and amount of progressive motility are decreased after 15 min incubation in TYH medium but no difference in total motile sperm or progressive motility is seen after 120 min incubation in TYH medium
• 1.9-fold decrease in the percentage of normal morphology motile sperm
• 10.1-fold increase in the percentage of normal morphology immotile sperm
• 67-fold increase in the percentage of abnormal morphology immotile sperm
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• sperm do not show a dramatic change in hyperactivation when incubated in capacitation medium
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• males produce only 10 +/- 10% pregnancy success and father fewer pups/plug compared to heterozygotes which have a 100% successful pregnancy rate
• however, spermatogenesis is grossly normal and males show no differences in sexual behavior and sperm counts from the cauda epididymis are normal
• sperm from homozygous males only fertilize 6.8 +/- 3% of wild-type oocytes with in vitro fertilization and result in 1.4 +/- 0.7% 2-cell stage embryos
• fertilization rate by sperm is lower for in vivo fertilization, producing 17.2 +/- 4.1% pronuclei positive and 18.4 +/- 4.4% 2-cell stage embryos
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cellular
• 67-fold increase in the percentage of abnormal morphology immotile sperm
|
• testes show an increase in sperm nuclei surrounded by excess cytoplasm at stage IX (80.6% percent of sperm vs. 20.5% of sperm in controls)
• caudal epididymis sperm have morphologically normal nuclei, however the cytoplasm around the nuclei and neck is retained and contains organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and vacuoles
|
• velocity parameters of sperm (average path velocity [VAP], curvilinear velocity [VCL], and straight-line velocity [VSL]) are impaired, with both a decrease in VAP and VSL at 15 min of incubation in TYH medium and VCL at 120 min of incubation in TYH medium
|
• percentage of motile sperm and amount of progressive motility are decreased after 15 min incubation in TYH medium but no difference in total motile sperm or progressive motility is seen after 120 min incubation in TYH medium
• 1.9-fold decrease in the percentage of normal morphology motile sperm
• 10.1-fold increase in the percentage of normal morphology immotile sperm
• 67-fold increase in the percentage of abnormal morphology immotile sperm
|
• sperm do not show a dramatic change in hyperactivation when incubated in capacitation medium
|