adipose tissue
• increase in adiposity
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growth/size/body
• males, but not females, show a decrease in lean mass
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behavior/neurological
• mice fatigue earlier and run 20% less distance when subjected to treadmill exercise to exhaustion
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muscle
• tibialis anterior muscles have a smaller distribution of fiber-cross-sectional area with no difference in the total number of fibers or fiber composition
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• isolated soleus muscles show reduced specific force production but no difference in ex vivo fatigue is seen
• however, single fiber segments isolated from soleus muscles composed of about 40% and 60% slow- and fast-twitch fibers, respectively, show no difference in maximum calcium-activated specific force or calcium sensitivity of the contractile apparatus
• the amount of calcium that can be loaded into and released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is decreased in fast-twitch, but not slow-twitch, fibers
• passive calcium leak from the SR is increased in fast-twitch but not slow-twitch fibers
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• isolated soleus muscles show reduced specific force production
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cardiovascular system
• males, but not females, show a decrease in heart mass
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homeostasis/metabolism
N |
• mice show no difference in carbohydrate or fat oxidation as assessed by the respiratory exchange ratio, no difference in food intake, in energy expenditure, whole-body glucose tolerance, or skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity
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• mice fatigue earlier and run 20% less distance when subjected to treadmill exercise to exhaustion
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