mortality/aging
• 40% of young adult and mature adult mice exhibit sudden death
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cardiovascular system
• young adult mice that die suddenly show perivascular mineralization
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• myocardial mineralization, myocardial atrophy and fibrosis is seen in 60% of young mice that die suddenly
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• increase in left ventricular wall thickness and left ventricular mass indicating ventricular hypertrophy
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• 60% of young adult mice that die suddenly exhibit cardiac valve defects with fibrocartilaginous metaplasia, fibro-osseous metaplasia, and mucinous degeneration
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• myocardial fibrosis is seen in young mice that die suddenly
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• mice show a significant reduction of cardiac output
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• 30% decrease in the percentage of fractional shortening, however ejection fraction is unaltered
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• echocardiography shows 30% decrease in the percentage of fractional shortening, without altering the percentage of the ejection fraction, increase in left ventricle anterior wall in diastole and in systole, increase in left ventricular mass, and increase in cardiac output and heart rate
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growth/size/body
• increase in left ventricular wall thickness and left ventricular mass indicating ventricular hypertrophy
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muscle
• myocardial mineralization, myocardial atrophy and fibrosis is seen in 60% of young mice that die suddenly
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• increase in left ventricular wall thickness and left ventricular mass indicating ventricular hypertrophy
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• 30% decrease in the percentage of fractional shortening, however ejection fraction is unaltered
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skeleton
• young adult mice that die suddenly exhibit cardiac fibrocartilaginous metaplasia
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