behavior/neurological
• 3- to 6-month old mice exhibit decreased freezing in the contextual fear conditioning test suggesting impairment in the hippocampus-dependent fear memory
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• in the novel object recognition memory test, 3- to 6-month old mice could not differentiate the novel object from the old object, resulting in reduction in the discrimination ratio and indicating impaired reference memory
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• 3- to 6-month old mice exhibit higher activity in the home cage than wild-type mice, suggesting psychomotor agitation
• however, no differences in the rotarod or elevated O-maze are seen
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nervous system
• pyramidal neurons from the CA1 region of the hippocampus and the layer 2/3 from the medial prefrontal cortex show reduced spine density at 15-24 months of age, suggesting synapse loss
• however, mice exhibit normal gross brain morphology at 3 months of age
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• field recordings of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in the Schaffer collateral pathway show reduced excitatory postsynaptic potentials at 2 months of age
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cellular
• under ER stress (using intraperitoneal injection of tunicamycin), mice show degeneration of cortical pyramidal neurons indicating increased vulnerability to stress-induced cell death; cortical areas have eosinophilic neurons with pyknotic nuclei and loss of Nissl substance and increased cell death in the cortex
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growth/size/body
N |
• mice exhibit normal body weight
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