mortality/aging
• crosses between heterozygous females and males produces smaller litter sizes (5.8 pups vs. 7.4 pups in wild-type mice), with fewer than the expected number of homozygotes indicating loss of homozygotes during the preimplantation or fetal stage
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growth/size/body
• both males and females are smaller
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reproductive system
• about 50% of sperm show some type of abnormality, including head, neck and midpiece, and tail defects
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• sperm show lower total and progressive motility, with reduced kinetic parameters straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), linearity, and straightness, indicating a reduction in linearity and straightness of spermatozoa
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• homozygous males mated with wild-type females do not produce offspring
• however, no differences in apoptotic cell rates are seen in the testis and sperm concentrations, testis weight, and sperm viability are normal
• fertilization rates and cleavage rates of sperm in response to intracytoplasmic sperm injection are similar to wild-type
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cellular
• about 50% of sperm show some type of abnormality, including head, neck and midpiece, and tail defects
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• sperm show lower total and progressive motility, with reduced kinetic parameters straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), linearity, and straightness, indicating a reduction in linearity and straightness of spermatozoa
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