muscle
N |
• normal weight ratios between body and quadriceps, triceps, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscle mass
|
• shift towards smaller muscle fiber diameters in quadriceps muscles
• smaller diameter of newly formed fibers 21 days after injection of cardiotoxin into right tibialis anterior muscle
|
• reduced latency to fall in front limb suspension test at age 10 days and rear limb suspension test at age 6 weeks
• reduced grip strength at age 10 weeks
• reduced maximum tetanic force and specific force of EDL muscle ex vivo
• shorter latency to fall in accelerated rotarod test in fed mice; more pronounced after 12h fast
|
cardiovascular system
N |
• normal heart to body mass ratio
• normal heart rate, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), and left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD)
|
cellular
• in quadriceps muscle
|
• reduced mitochondrial and ATP-linked respiration in primary myoblasts
|
• increased levels of lactate and pyruvate in quadriceps muscle
|
embryo
N |
• born at normal Mendelian ratios
|
growth/size/body
N |
• normal gross body, organ and tissue morphology
• normal body mass gain
|
homeostasis/metabolism
N |
• normal lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase levels in quadriceps muscle
|
• shorter latency to fall in accelerated rotarod test in fed mice; more pronounced after 12h fast
|
• elevated free sialic acid levels
|
• less muscle regeneration 14 and 21 days after injection of cardiotoxin into right tibialis anterior muscle
|
behavior/neurological
N |
• normal behavior in Y-maze at age 4 months
|
• shorter latency to fall in accelerated rotarod test in fed mice; more pronounced after 12h fast
|
renal/urinary system
• elevated free sialic acid levels
|
reproductive system
N |
• fertile and normal litter size
|