muscle
• normal weight ratios between body and quadriceps, triceps, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscle mass
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• reduced latency to fall in front limb suspension test at age 10 days and rear limb suspension test at age 6 weeks
• reduced grip strength at age 10 weeks
• reduced maximum tetanic force and specific force of EDL muscle ex vivo
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cardiovascular system
• normal heart to body mass ratio
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cellular
• in quadriceps muscle
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• reduced mitochondrial and ATP-linked respiration in primary myoblasts
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• increased levels of lactate and pyruvate in quadriceps muscle
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embryo
• born at normal Mendelian ratios
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growth/size/body
• normal gross body, organ and tissue morphology
• normal body mass gain
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homeostasis/metabolism
• normal lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase levels in quadriceps muscle
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• elevated free sialic acid levels
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behavior/neurological
• normal behavior in Y-maze at age 4 months
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renal/urinary system
• elevated free sialic acid levels
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reproductive system
• fertile and normal litter size
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