Analysis Tools
behavior/neurological
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• mice show motor learning defects in the rotarod test, with reduced latency to fall off the rotarod
• however, mice do not exhibit cognition defects in the novel object recognition test or the Morris water maze indicating normal spatial learning and memory
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• mice exhibit higher immobilization behavior than controls in the tail suspension test
• mice exhibit a longer immobilization period than wild-type mice in the forced swimming test
• however, mice show normal marble-burying behavior and nesting, indicating no anxiety-like behavior
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• in the social novelty test, mice spend less time with the S2 stranger mouse than with the S1 familiar mouse and the social novelty preference index is lower
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• mice show increased velocity and distance moved in the open field test
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• in the three-chamber sociability test, mice prefer an unfamiliar mouse over an empty cage similarly to controls, but preference for social interaction index is lower
• in a social interaction test, mice show reduced time spent on general sniffing, anogenital sniffing, following, and mounting behavior towards a stranger mouse than wild-type mice
• however, no difference in fighting behavior is seen
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skeleton
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• femurs exhibit thinner compact bone in mice fed a normal diet
• a further greater increase in the thinning of compact bone is seen in mice fed a calcium and vitamin D deficient diet
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• bone mineral content of the femur is decreased in mice fed a normal diet
• a calcium deficient diet or calcium and vitamin D deficient diet does not further decrease bone mineral content
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• bone mineral density of the femur is decreased in mice fed a normal diet
• a calcium deficient diet or calcium and vitamin D deficient diet further decreases bone mineral density, with a greater decrease for vitamin D deficient diet alone or the combined calcium and vitamin D deficient diet than for calcium deficient diet alone
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• femurs have a trabecular network with less intertrabecular space
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• femurs have a trabecular network with less intertrabecular space and a lower osteoblast/osteoclast ratio than wild-type femurs indicating bone resorption
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• femurs show weakened stiffness when fed a calcium deficient diet, a vitamin D deficient diet, or combined calcium deficient and vitamin D deficient diet
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• femurs show decreased ultimate load in mechanical testing of the mid-diaphysis when fed a normal diet, with a further decrease when fed a vitamin D deficient or combined calcium deficient and vitamin D deficient diet
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• plasma parathyroid hormone level is increased in mice fed a normal diet
• mice fed a vitamin D deficient diet show a greater increase in plasma parathyroid hormone level than wild-type mice fed the same diet
• however, calcium, sodium, potassium, and chloride levels in the plasma are normal
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digestive/alimentary system
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• cell proliferation is reduced in the colon
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• 6-week-old mice show shorter villus length in the duodenum
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• mice challenged with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce acute colitis show more weight loss and more severe disease with increased inflammatory infiltrates, epithelial damage, and serum levels of TNF-alpha than wild-type mice
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immune system
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• mice challenged with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce acute colitis show more weight loss and more severe disease with increased inflammatory infiltrates, epithelial damage, and serum levels of TNF-alpha than wild-type mice
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limbs/digits/tail
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• femurs exhibit thinner compact bone in mice fed a normal diet
• a further greater increase in the thinning of compact bone is seen in mice fed a calcium and vitamin D deficient diet
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cellular
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• cell proliferation is reduced in the colon
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