reproductive system
N |
• testes size and weight are similar to controls
|
• abnormal bending of the flagella
|
• incomplete axonemes with missing axonemal microtubules
|
• gap in the midpiece
• length of the midpiece is decreased
|
• mitochondria are absent near the annulus or neck leaving gaps in the sheath
|
• partial or complete absence of outer dense fibers
|
• abnormal head shape
• absence of the distinct equatorial segment, post-acrosomal sheath, ventral spur, and sharp hook rim
|
• disorganized anterior acrosome
|
• less condensed with increased levels of all core histones
|
• increased size of chromatoid bodies in spermatids
|
• decreased number of elongated spermatids, condensing spermatids, and condensed spermatids
• increased size of chromatoid bodies
|
• decreased number of elongated spermatids, condensing spermatids, and condensed spermatids
|
• abnormal mRNA splicing in round spermatids
• increase in piRNA production in the testes
|
• increase in apoptotic signals in late spermatids
|
• males, but not females, are infertile
|
cellular
• abnormal bending of the flagella
|
• incomplete axonemes with missing axonemal microtubules
|
• gap in the midpiece
• length of the midpiece is decreased
|
• mitochondria are absent near the annulus or neck leaving gaps in the sheath
|
• partial or complete absence of outer dense fibers
|
• abnormal head shape
• absence of the distinct equatorial segment, post-acrosomal sheath, ventral spur, and sharp hook rim
|
• disorganized anterior acrosome
|
• less condensed with increased levels of all core histones
|
• increased size of chromatoid bodies in spermatids
|
• decreased number of elongated spermatids, condensing spermatids, and condensed spermatids
• increased size of chromatoid bodies
|
• decreased number of elongated spermatids, condensing spermatids, and condensed spermatids
|
• spermatids have swollen mitochondria with abnormal central cristae
|
• in spermatids
|
• increase in piRNA production in the testes
• abnormal mRNA splicing in round spermatids
|
• increase in apoptotic signals in late spermatids
|