reproductive system
• sperm show head defects, including bent heads, microcephaly, and irregular shapes
• however, sperm flagellum shows normal morphology, with unaffected axoneme, outer dense fibers, and fibrous sheath
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• spermatids show a relative loosened acroplaxome structure at the elongation/maturation acrosome phase of acrosome formation
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• sperm show abnormal acrosome structures such as detachment of the acrosome from the nucleus, irregular-shaped acrosomes, and fragmented acrosomes
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• males exhibit a decrease in the percentage of motile sperm
• average path velocity, straight line velocity, and curvilinear velocity of sperm are decreased
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• males are infertile
• in vitro fertilization using excess sperm from the cauda epididymis shows decreased formation of the number of two-cell embryos
• the fertilization failure of males is rescued by intracytoplasmic sperm injection
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cellular
• sperm show head defects, including bent heads, microcephaly, and irregular shapes
• however, sperm flagellum shows normal morphology, with unaffected axoneme, outer dense fibers, and fibrous sheath
|
• spermatids show a relative loosened acroplaxome structure at the elongation/maturation acrosome phase of acrosome formation
|
• sperm show abnormal acrosome structures such as detachment of the acrosome from the nucleus, irregular-shaped acrosomes, and fragmented acrosomes
|
• males exhibit a decrease in the percentage of motile sperm
• average path velocity, straight line velocity, and curvilinear velocity of sperm are decreased
|