Analysis Tools
behavior/neurological
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• in the novel object recognition test, aged (16 months) male mice do not exhibit memory for the novel object
• in the novel object recognition test, young females (4 months) show difficulty in differentiating the novel object but improve in middle age, such that at 16 months of age, no differences are seen from wild-type
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• decreased exploration in new environment MP:0001417
aged, but not young, males exhibit an overall reduction in exploratory activity in the open field, with decreased total distance moved and reduced total time spent in motion
• young females show diminished movement in the open field, with decreased total distance moved and reduced total time spent in motion, which does not show further decline with age
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• in the novel object placement task (evaluates spatial recognition), young mice of both sexes show limited discrimination ability regarding the newly positioned object compared to young wild-type mice which can discriminate the newly positioned object
• however, the ability to discriminate the newly positioned object improves with age unlike in wild-type mice which show age-related decline in task performance
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• female mice show improved spontaneous alternating behavior, suggesting enhanced spatial working memory
• however, male mice show no differences from wild-type mice in spontaneous alternating behavior
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• in the open field task, both older female and male mice spend more time in the center of the open field, suggesting reduced anxiety
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• young females show reduced activity in the spontaneous alternating task, showing decreased number of arm entries
• young males exhibit lower levels of spontaneous activity in the home cage, however they show an age-related increase in activity
• older females exhibit lower levels of spontaneous activity in the home-cage
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• young males exhibit elevated activity in the spontaneous alternating task, showing increased number of arm entries
• aged males show an increase in spontaneous activity in the home cage
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• males show a reduction in levels of circulating insulin
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• middle-aged male, but not female, mice exhibit lower energy expenditure than younger mice
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• while males show an age-related decline in RER (respiratory exchange ratio) during the nighttime similarly to wild-type mice, they do not show this decline during daytime, but by 16-months of age, mice reach similar RER values to wild-type male values
• females do not show the decline in RER with age during nighttime that is seen in wild-type females, however, similar RER values are seen at 16 months of age because nighttime RER is reduced in young females
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• young males show a lower respiratory exchange ratio during the daytime, but not nighttime
• young females show reduced respiratory exchange ratio during the nighttime
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• males, but not females, show impaired insulin sensitivity
• however, males show normal glucose tolerance
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• insulin-degrading enzyme proteolytic activity is enhanced in liver homogenates and in hepatocytes
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liver/biliary system
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• males accumulate insulin-degrading enzyme in the liver and the galactose metabolism enzyme GALE is enriched in the liver
• however, no changes in liver morphology are seen
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nervous system
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• marker analysis indicates that hippocampus shows enhanced capacity for stress resistance, with an increase in proteins that mediate survival and protection from oxidative stress
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growth/size/body
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• mice exhibit normal body weight
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reproductive system
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• mice show no overt defects in sexual maturity or reproductive capacity
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