cardiovascular system
• hearts exhibit mitochondria changes, including irregular arrangement and loss of cristae
• mitochondrial cross-sectional area and the percentage of mitochondria with disorganized cristae ultrastructure are increased in hearts
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• 8-week-old mice exhibit decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening
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• echocardiography on 8-week-old, but not 4- to 5-week-old, mice shows decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, increased left ventricular internal dimension systole, increased left ventricular internal dimension diastole, increased left ventricular end-systolic volume, and increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume
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• ventricular tachycardia is seen immediately after an epinephrine and caffeine injection
• 60% of mice show ventricular tachycardia sustained for 1 to 5 seconds, 40% of them sustained for 5 to 15 seconds, and 30% of them sustained longer than 15 seconds
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• multiple premature ventricular beats are seen immediately after an epinephrine and caffeine injection
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cellular
• hearts exhibit mitochondria changes, including irregular arrangement and loss of cristae
• mitochondrial cross-sectional area and the percentage of mitochondria with disorganized cristae ultrastructure are increased in hearts
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• adult cardiomyocytes exhibit a decrease in mitochondrial basal respiration and ATP production
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• 8-week-old hearts show an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production
• primary neonatal cardiomyocytes exhibit increased ROS levels
• however, 4-5 month old cardiomyocytes show normal ROS levels
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muscle
• hearts exhibit mitochondria changes, including irregular arrangement and loss of cristae
• mitochondrial cross-sectional area and the percentage of mitochondria with disorganized cristae ultrastructure are increased in hearts
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• 8-week-old mice exhibit decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening
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