growth/size/body
• mice exhibit lower body weight at P0.5 and during the growth period and adulthood
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nervous system
• brain weight is lower in adults but not at P0.5
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• postsynaptic density is smaller in the CA1 region of the hippocampus
• however, overall morphological appearance and neuronal distribution in brain tissue, cortical thickness, and presynaptic bouton size are normal
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• mice exhibit normal induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), however maintenance of LTP is disrupted at 60 minutes post-administration of high frequency stimuli suggesting impaired hippocampal neuronal plasticity
• however, no changes in the input-output slope curve in the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP)
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behavior/neurological
• in the Barnes maze test, mice have difficulty learning and memorizing the location of the hidden box, indicating reduced spatial learning ability
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• in the Barnes maze test, mice have difficulty learning and memorizing the location of the hidden box
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• mice cannot continue walking and do not stay on the rotarod, indicting reduced motor coordination
• however, spontaneous locomotor activity and fear-like behaviors in the open-field test are unaffected
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endocrine/exocrine glands
N |
• mice exhibit normal pancreatic tissue, normal serum amylase levels and normal blood glucose regulation
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homeostasis/metabolism
N |
• no differences in the serum levels of growth-related hormones (growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, thyroid-stimulating hormone) are seen
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liver/biliary system
N |
• mice exhibit normal liver tissue, and normal serum albumin, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and bilirubin levels
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renal/urinary system
N |
• mice exhibit normal kidney tissue and normal levels of serum urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and urine sodium and potassium levels
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