Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• number of germ cells is increased in enlarged seminiferous tubules in young males
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• total number of spermatogonia is 35-45% lower than wild-type from P3-P6
• percentage of homed germ cells is reduced after the first retinoic acid pulse at P3, 41% compared to 76% in wild-type controls
• at P4 and P5, the percentage of homed cells increases to 72-80% compared to 77-89% in wild-type controls
• numbers of undifferentiated spermatogonia are significantly lower at P35 and P120
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• germ cell numbers are decreased in seminiferous tubuls by 21%, 41%, and 17% at P3, P5, and P6, respectively
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• at P120 and P365 sperm counts are decreased by 19% and 43%, respectively
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• total number of spermatogonia is 35-45% lower than wild-type from P3-P6
• numbers of undifferentiated spermatogonia are significantly lower at P35 and P120
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• average number of apoptotic cells is higher at P7, P35, P60, and P120 but lower at P14 and P21
• the expected early wave of apoptosis which peaks at P14-P21 in wild-type males is lost as a result of a surplus of A2-A4 spermatogonia
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• germ cells on either end of Sertoli cells-only regions are not homed and undergo apoptosis
• average number of apoptotic cells is higher at P7, P35, P60, and P120 but lower at P14 and P21
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• at P7-P120 about 7% of cross-sections have disorganized layers with germ cell loss
• all affected tubules in P7 males are Sertoli cells-only tubules
• frequency of Sertoli cells-only tubules gradually decreases with age and are no longer seen by P35
• Sertoli cells-only tubules are first detected at P3 and the length of Sertoli cells only segments gradually increases with age
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• at P14 and P21 average diameter of cross-sections of round seminiferous tubules is increased
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• at P120 and P365 average diameter of cross-sections of round seminiferous tubules is decreased
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• 20% larger than controls at 14 days of age
• however, the size difference is resolved by P60
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small testis
(
J:342835
)
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• at 4 months and 1 year of age testes are 11% and 28% smaller, respectively, compared to age matched controls
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• recovery from heat shock treatment, as measured by increased testes weight, is significantly impaired at 14 and 38 days post treatment and sperm count is significantly decreased at 38 days post treatment
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• at P41 there is a 31% increase in epididymal sperm count
• however, no difference in sperm count is detected at P60
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• sperm production is increased during the first round of spermatogenesis but decreases after 2 months of age
• frequency of stage VII-VIII cells is 79% higher but the frequency of stage I and stage IX-X are 19% and 36% lower, respectively
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• increase in the proportion of differentiating spermatogonia by 80-168% and decrease in the proportion of undifferentiated spermatogoinia by 45-50% at P3-P6 indicating a shift from proliferation to differentiation
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• litter size continuously declines over 6 months of breeding with significantly decreased litter sizes for the 3rd and 4th litters
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• litter size is increased by 43% for matings involving young (P35-P50) males
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• following treatment with exogenous all-trans retinoic acid at P2, the testis index is increased by 12% and the sperm count is increased by 3.5 fold at P41 compared to similarly treated controls
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• at P7-P120 about 7% of cross-sections have disorganized layers with germ cell loss
• all affected tubules in P7 males are Sertoli cells-only tubules
• frequency of Sertoli cells-only tubules gradually decreases with age and are no longer seen by P35
• Sertoli cells-only tubules are first detected at P3 and the length of Sertoli cells only segments gradually increases with age
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• at P14 and P21 average diameter of cross-sections of round seminiferous tubules is increased
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• at P120 and P365 average diameter of cross-sections of round seminiferous tubules is decreased
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• 20% larger than controls at 14 days of age
• however, the size difference is resolved by P60
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small testis
(
J:342835
)
|
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• at 4 months and 1 year of age testes are 11% and 28% smaller, respectively, compared to age matched controls
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• recovery from heat shock treatment, as measured by increased testes weight, is significantly impaired at 14 and 38 days post treatment and sperm count is significantly decreased at 38 days post treatment
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cellular
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• number of germ cells is increased in enlarged seminiferous tubules in young males
|
|
|
• total number of spermatogonia is 35-45% lower than wild-type from P3-P6
• percentage of homed germ cells is reduced after the first retinoic acid pulse at P3, 41% compared to 76% in wild-type controls
• at P4 and P5, the percentage of homed cells increases to 72-80% compared to 77-89% in wild-type controls
• numbers of undifferentiated spermatogonia are significantly lower at P35 and P120
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• germ cell numbers are decreased in seminiferous tubuls by 21%, 41%, and 17% at P3, P5, and P6, respectively
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• at P120 and P365 sperm counts are decreased by 19% and 43%, respectively
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• total number of spermatogonia is 35-45% lower than wild-type from P3-P6
• numbers of undifferentiated spermatogonia are significantly lower at P35 and P120
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|
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• average number of apoptotic cells is higher at P7, P35, P60, and P120 but lower at P14 and P21
• the expected early wave of apoptosis which peaks at P14-P21 in wild-type males is lost as a result of a surplus of A2-A4 spermatogonia
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• germ cells on either end of Sertoli cells-only regions are not homed and undergo apoptosis
• average number of apoptotic cells is higher at P7, P35, P60, and P120 but lower at P14 and P21
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• increase in the proportion of differentiating spermatogonia by 80-168% and decrease in the proportion of undifferentiated spermatogoinia by 45-50% at P3-P6 indicating a shift from proliferation to differentiation
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