behavior/neurological
• in the Morris water maze, mice show longer latency to find the hidden platform during the training session but no change in motivation in the training period during which the platform is visible and no difference is seen in movement speed to find the platform, indicating learning and memory deficit
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• on the day 7 probe trial with the platform removed, mice spend less time in the target quadrant and cross the platform area less than controls indicating spatial learning and memory deficit
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• mice spend less time in the center of the chamber during the open field test, indicating an increase in anxiety/depressive-like behaviors
• however, in the elevated plus maze, no differences are seen in the time spent in open arms and the entries into open arms, indicating no effect on anxiety-related behavior
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• mice exhibit a lower preference for sucrose solution, indicating increased anhedonia behavior
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• in the forced swimming test, mice exhibit more despair behavior as indicated by increased immobility time and mice show increased immobility time in the tail suspension test, indicating that chronic stress induces greater depressive-like behaviors
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• mice are more active in the open field test within the total 30 min of the assessment
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growth/size/body
nervous system
• although brain weight is decreased, the brain to body weight ratio is increased
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• mice show downregulation of AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors in the hippocampus
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• immature spine (stubby and thin spine) and mature spine (mushroom spine) densities are reduced in the hippocampus
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• during the immobility time of a tail suspension test, calcium signals from CA1 CaMKIIa+ neurons are decreased, with decreased frequency and amplitude of activation of these neurons indicating reduced neuronal activity in the hippocampus
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• mice injected with a glutamate sensor in the hippocampus show a reduction in glutamate release during tail suspension
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