Analysis Tools
growth/size/body
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• lower body weight at 4 months of age is due largely to lower fat mass
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immune system
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• severe erosion of the intestinal epithelium from exposure to 3.5% dextran sodium sulfate
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• thymocytes are consistently reduced by 20-40%
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• T cells are reduced in the periphery by 20-40%
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• modest increase in microglial density after haloperidol treatment relative to the increase seen in controls
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• cytolytic activity of CD8 T cells to vaccinia virus infected cells is reduced 3-10 fold
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• 100-fold reduction in SAA production by the liver in response to turpentine injection or listeria infection
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• 10 to 100 fold increase in bacterial titers in the liver and spleen of mice infected with Listeria
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• viral titers are 10-1000 fold higher in the ovaries and lungs of vaccinia virus infected mice
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hematopoietic system
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• thymocytes are consistently reduced by 20-40%
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• T cells are reduced in the periphery by 20-40%
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• modest increase in microglial density after haloperidol treatment relative to the increase seen in controls
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• cytolytic activity of CD8 T cells to vaccinia virus infected cells is reduced 3-10 fold
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cardiovascular system
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• fewer capillaries in the heart
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• loss of cell-cell interaction between myocytes and fibroblasts
• increased number of fibroblasts and decreased numbers of myocytes
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• heart weight/body weight and heart weight/tibia length ratios both significantly reduced
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• increased interstitial collagen in the free walls of both left and right ventricles
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• modestly increased interstitial collagen
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• both anterior and posterior walls of the left ventricle are thin
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• increased cell proliferation and apoptosis in 5 day old hearts
• proliferation at 5 days primarily by non myocytes
• apoptosis at 5 days primarily of myocytes
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• both fractional shortening and ejection fraction are decreased in adults and at 5 and 15 days of age
• cardiac dysfunction beginning at 15 days of age
• cardiac dilation is more or less normal at 5 days of age
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behavior/neurological
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• slower to relocate platform after it is moved in a Morris water maze
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• reduced exploration in initial phase of novel object recognition tests
(J:147420)
• increased exploration in novel object recognition tests
(J:148881)
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• greater object recognition memory
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• reduced object recognition when retested
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• longer escape latencies in a Morris water maze
• shorter time spent in the target quadrant of a Morris water maze
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• increased latency to float in a forced swimming test
• reduced despair behavior
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• more time in the closed arms of an elevated + maze after forced swimming tests
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nervous system
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• modest increase in microglial density after haloperidol treatment relative to the increase seen in controls
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• density fails to increase in response to neurotoxin (6-OHDA) lesioning
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• parvalbumin positive interneurons in the hippocampus suffer less loss in numbers with age
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• axon terminal tree is 25% larger in the substantia nigra pars compacta than for controls
• resistant to the effects of haloperidol treatment on terminal trees
• neurotoxin lesion results in reduced terminal tree density
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• age induced increase in oxygen consumption in synaptosomes is attenuated
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muscle
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• both fractional shortening and ejection fraction are decreased in adults and at 5 and 15 days of age
• cardiac dysfunction beginning at 15 days of age
• cardiac dilation is more or less normal at 5 days of age
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• migration of primary myoblasts is reduced relative to controls
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• proliferation is defective
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• cross-sectional area of myofibers does not increase after overload of the plantaris muscle by incapacitation of the gastrocnemius, measured 14 and 42 days after overload
• no change in myonuclear numbers
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vision/eye
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• higher level of apoptosis after retinal separation from the retinal pigment epithelium
• higher rate of photoreceptor cell death after 1 month
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skeleton
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• callus formed after bone fracture is denser after 2 weeks than is true in controls
• tissue mineral density is less at 4 and 6 weeks after injury than for controls
• greater collagen content at 2 weeks after fracture but not at 4 or 6 weeks
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• mineral density of cortical bone reduced
• reduced crystallinity relative to controls
• reduced mineral/matrix ratio in cortical bone at both 2 and 4 weeks
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neoplasm
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• reduced incidence of hepatocellular cancer in males treated with diethyl nitrosamine relative to incidence in control males
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liver/biliary system
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• less necrosis resulting from diethyl nitrosamine treatment
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• less hepatic injury in males from treatment with diethyl nitrosamine
• less apoptosis due to diethyl nitrosamine treatment
• less compensatory proliferation as a result of diethyl nitrosamine treatment
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respiratory system
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• elevated respiratory exchange rate in young mice
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• elevated basal glucose levels at 8 months but not in younger mice
• glucose levels do not differ from controls in young mice after 1 hour of exercise
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• oxygen consumption is not maintained at as high a level after 12 minutes of running as in controls
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• 100-fold reduction in SAA production by the liver in response to turpentine injection or listeria infection
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• reduced treadmill endurance
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• reduced incidence of hepatocellular cancer in males treated with diethyl nitrosamine relative to incidence in control males
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• callus formed after bone fracture is denser after 2 weeks than is true in controls
• tissue mineral density is less at 4 and 6 weeks after injury than for controls
• greater collagen content at 2 weeks after fracture but not at 4 or 6 weeks
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• develops more slowly
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digestive/alimentary system
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• severe erosion of the intestinal epithelium from exposure to 3.5% dextran sodium sulfate
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integument
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• develops more slowly
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cellular
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• migration of primary myoblasts is reduced relative to controls
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• proliferation is defective
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