mortality/aging
• up to 15% of mice die prior to weaning when born to heterozygous mothers and up to 35% die prior to weaning when born to homozygous mothers
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homeostasis/metabolism
• following an overnight fast, serum levels of free fatty acids are not increased as they are in wild-type mice
|
• energy expenditure is higher than in wild-type mice
• however, food intake is not increased
|
• insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle, brown and white fat, and liver is increased compared to in wild-type mice
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• blood glucose level at birth prior to milk ingestion is reduced 3-fold or more compared to in wild-type mice
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hypoglycemia
(
J:126780
)
• adult mice have low blood glucose levels compared to wild-type mice
|
• serum adiponectin levels are increased by 2-fold compared to in wild-type mice
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adipose tissue
• although fewer adipocytes are present (37+/-5.1x103 adipocytes compared to 93.2+/-10.7x103 adipocytes in wild-type mice), adipocytes are larger than in wild-type mice
|
• mice have lighter gonadal fat pads compared to wild-type mice
• decreased fat is restricted to visceral fat
|
• white adipose glucose uptake, 31.7+/-8.2 nmol/g/min compared to 16.7+/-2.7 nmol/g/min in wild-type mice; brown adipose tissue, 3330+/-263 nmol/g/min compared to 2022+/-205 nmol/g/min in wild-type mice
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endocrine/exocrine glands
• beta cell proliferation is increased 60% to 300% in 5 day old and 1 month old mice with no increase in apoptosis
|
• mice exhibit an increase in pancreas insulin content, the number of islet cells, the size of islet cells and the mass of beta cells
|
• beta cell mass is increased
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muscle
• mitochondrial area in muscle cells is increased compared to in wild-type cells
|
• insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle is increased compared to in wild-type mice
• 358+/-65 nmol/g/min compared to 22+/-29 nmol/g/min in wild-type mice
|
cellular
• white adipose glucose uptake, 31.7+/-8.2 nmol/g/min compared to 16.7+/-2.7 nmol/g/min in wild-type mice; brown adipose tissue, 3330+/-263 nmol/g/min compared to 2022+/-205 nmol/g/min in wild-type mice
|
• mitochondrial area in muscle cells is increased compared to in wild-type cells
|
• beta cell proliferation is increased 60% to 300% in 5 day old and 1 month old mice with no increase in apoptosis
|
• insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle is increased compared to in wild-type mice
• 358+/-65 nmol/g/min compared to 22+/-29 nmol/g/min in wild-type mice
|
growth/size/body
N |
• despite an increase in mitochondrial area muscle mass over body mass ratio is normal
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skeleton
N |
• no skeletal abnormalities are detected in newborn and 2 month-old mice
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reproductive system
|
• sperm count is increased compared to in wild-type mice
|