Analysis Tools
reproductive system
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• the number of apoptotic granulosa cells per follicle is increased
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• total number of follicles per ovary is increased in immature 28 day old mutants; this increase is due to a higher incidence of atretic follicles in the ovaries and not due to changes in the number of healthy follicles
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• immature 28 day old mutants exhibit an abundance of medium size antral follicles accompanied by a paucity of large preovulatory follicles indicating arrested antral follicle growth at an intermediate stage
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• increase in apoptotic antral follicles in the ovaries and the degree of apoptosis per follicle is greater than in wild-type mice
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• 24-27 day old mice treated with PMSG followed by sustained delivery of hCG show increased formation of follicular cysts
• however, unstimulated mice do not for cysts
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• females show a delay in puberty, showing delayed age of vaginal opening and the age of first estrus
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• delay in the age of first estrus
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• mice exhibit an increase in ovarian steroid response to pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) stimulation, showing a greater 17-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, and estradiol response to gonadotropin
• mice exhibit a blunted progesterone elevation in response to PMSG stimulation compared to wild-type mice
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• the ovulatory response to PMSG and the lowest dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is reduced in immature 27 day old mutants
• however, higher doses of hCG result in regular ovulatory responses
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• adult mice show an increased number of days spent in estrus and a reduction of days in diestrus, while the days in proestrus is similar to wild-type mice
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(J:158186)
(J:218686)
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• females show continued reduction in fecundity throughout the year as shown by an increase in the interval between litters, a reduction in the number of litters born, a reduction in the number of pups per litter, and an overall reduction of the total number of pups born
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adipose tissue
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• increase in total fat mass at 10 weeks of age
• increase in visceral fat mass and increase in ratio of visceral fat to nonvisceral fat by 10 weeks of age
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nervous system
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• increase in density of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nerve fibers coursing through the interstitial tissue and surrounding ovarian follicles indicating hyperinnervation of ovaries by catecholaminergic fibers
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• increase in interscapular brown adipose tissue temperature at 10 and 20 weeks of age during the dark period, indicating increased sympathetic outflow
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growth/size/body
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• 24-27 day old mice treated with PMSG followed by sustained delivery of hCG show increased formation of follicular cysts
• however, unstimulated mice do not for cysts
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• beginning at 5 weeks of age, mutants show increased body weight
• gain in body weight occurs independently of food intake and body length
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• mice exhibit glucose intolerance at 10 and 20 weeks of age
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• mice require a lower glucose infusion rate during a 2-hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, primarily due to decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity
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• 28-34 day old mice exhibit an increase in ovarian steroid response to PMSG stimulation, showing a greater 17-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, and estradiol response to gonadotropin
• however, 28-34 day old mice exhibit normal basal serum levels of these steroids and basal serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels that are similar to wild-type mice
• mice exhibit a blunted progesterone elevation in response to PMSG stimulation compared to wild-type mice
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• mice in the estrous phase of the estrous cycle exhibit increased testosterone levels at 10 weeks of age and this increase is maintained at 20 weeks of age
• however, gonadotropin levels (LH and FSH) are normal
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• mice in the estrous phase of the estrous cycle exhibit increased estradiol levels at 10 weeks of age and this increase is maintained at 20 weeks of age
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• increase in basal plasma insulin levels at 10 and 20 weeks of age
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• at diestrus, progesterone levels are 3-fold lower in mutants
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skeleton
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• increase in bone mineral density in the femoral shaft but not in vertebrae, indicating that increase in bone mineral density is due to increased cortical but not trabecular bone mineral density
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• the number of apoptotic granulosa cells per follicle is increased
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• total number of follicles per ovary is increased in immature 28 day old mutants; this increase is due to a higher incidence of atretic follicles in the ovaries and not due to changes in the number of healthy follicles
|
|
|
• immature 28 day old mutants exhibit an abundance of medium size antral follicles accompanied by a paucity of large preovulatory follicles indicating arrested antral follicle growth at an intermediate stage
|
|
|
• increase in apoptotic antral follicles in the ovaries and the degree of apoptosis per follicle is greater than in wild-type mice
|
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• 24-27 day old mice treated with PMSG followed by sustained delivery of hCG show increased formation of follicular cysts
• however, unstimulated mice do not for cysts
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cellular
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• the number of apoptotic granulosa cells per follicle is increased
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Mouse Models of Human Disease |
DO ID | OMIM ID(s) | Ref(s) | |
| polycystic ovary syndrome | DOID:11612 |
OMIM:184700 |
J:218686 | |
