Analysis Tools
cellular
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• about 50% increase in mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation at 2 weeks of pregnancy
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endocrine/exocrine glands
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• mammary glands of virgin females are 30-40% larger in size starting at 4 weeks of age
• mammary gland size is increased due to an increas in size of each cell not due to an increase in the number of epithelial cells
• mammary glands show numerous hyperplastic, noninvasive focal lesions resembling mammary intraepithelial neoplasia, seen as early as 5 months of age, irrespective of reproductive history
• squamous metaplasia and squamous cysts with central keratin debris are frequently seen
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• mammary glands 4 days after initiation of involution do not show collapse of the alveoli, at day 14 of involution, mammary glands are still undergoing involution, and at day 21, ducts fail to remodel and remain hypercellular, become dilated, and fill with secretions, indicating delayed involution
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• mammary glands at 1 day postpartum show a disorganized epithelium
• the average luminal mammary gland epithelial cell diameter is 2-fold larger than that of wild-type mice
• the epithelial cell number per area in the mammary gland is 2.5-fold higher than in wild-type mice
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• ductal ectasia and increase in connective tissue
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• mammary glands of pregnant mice show more extensive degree of ductal branching
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• ductal epithelial hyperplasia
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• more extensive lobuloalveolar development is seen in mammary glands of females at 2 weeks of pregnancy compared to controls
• alternations of the lobular architecture are frequently seen in virgin and resting mammary glands, including differentiating alveoli and secretory alveolar structures
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• mammary gland tumors are seen as early as 9 months of age, with an average latency of 16 months
• frequency and latency of mammary tumors in nulliparous is not different from parous mice
• several subtypes of adenocarcinomas are seen, including acinar, ductal, solid comedo type, and papillary adenocarcinoma
• most tumors are invasive, infiltrating adjacent tissue like skeletal muscle or brain
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• hyperplasia and accelerated differentiation of mammary gland during pregnancy
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• the number of epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis in the mammary glands is about 33% lower compared to wild-type mice on day 4 after the onset of involution
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• about 50% increase in mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation at 2 weeks of pregnancy
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homeostasis/metabolism
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• circulating IGF-I levels are increased by about 2.5-fold
• however, serum levels of growth hormone, prolactin, and luteinizing hormone are normal
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integument
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• mammary glands of virgin females are 30-40% larger in size starting at 4 weeks of age
• mammary gland size is increased due to an increas in size of each cell not due to an increase in the number of epithelial cells
• mammary glands show numerous hyperplastic, noninvasive focal lesions resembling mammary intraepithelial neoplasia, seen as early as 5 months of age, irrespective of reproductive history
• squamous metaplasia and squamous cysts with central keratin debris are frequently seen
|
|
|
• mammary glands 4 days after initiation of involution do not show collapse of the alveoli, at day 14 of involution, mammary glands are still undergoing involution, and at day 21, ducts fail to remodel and remain hypercellular, become dilated, and fill with secretions, indicating delayed involution
|
|
|
• mammary glands at 1 day postpartum show a disorganized epithelium
• the average luminal mammary gland epithelial cell diameter is 2-fold larger than that of wild-type mice
• the epithelial cell number per area in the mammary gland is 2.5-fold higher than in wild-type mice
|
|
|
• ductal ectasia and increase in connective tissue
|
|
|
• mammary glands of pregnant mice show more extensive degree of ductal branching
|
|
|
• ductal epithelial hyperplasia
|
|
|
• more extensive lobuloalveolar development is seen in mammary glands of females at 2 weeks of pregnancy compared to controls
• alternations of the lobular architecture are frequently seen in virgin and resting mammary glands, including differentiating alveoli and secretory alveolar structures
|
|
|
• mammary gland tumors are seen as early as 9 months of age, with an average latency of 16 months
• frequency and latency of mammary tumors in nulliparous is not different from parous mice
• several subtypes of adenocarcinomas are seen, including acinar, ductal, solid comedo type, and papillary adenocarcinoma
• most tumors are invasive, infiltrating adjacent tissue like skeletal muscle or brain
|
|
|
• hyperplasia and accelerated differentiation of mammary gland during pregnancy
|
|
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• the number of epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis in the mammary glands is about 33% lower compared to wild-type mice on day 4 after the onset of involution
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• about 50% increase in mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation at 2 weeks of pregnancy
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muscle
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• uterine leiomyosarcomas
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nervous system
respiratory system
neoplasm
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• mammary gland tumors are seen as early as 9 months of age, with an average latency of 16 months
• frequency and latency of mammary tumors in nulliparous is not different from parous mice
• several subtypes of adenocarcinomas are seen, including acinar, ductal, solid comedo type, and papillary adenocarcinoma
• most tumors are invasive, infiltrating adjacent tissue like skeletal muscle or brain
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• uterine leiomyosarcomas
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• several adenocarcinomas are metastatic, showing tumor formation composed by the same original cell type in lung, bones, and kidney
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Mouse Models of Human Disease |
DO ID | OMIM ID(s) | Ref(s) | |
| breast cancer | DOID:1612 |
OMIM:114480 |
J:93548 | |
