Analysis Tools
mortality/aging
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• death occurs in heat-induced seizures due to apnea, and bradycardia only occurs if there is apnea
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• 38% of mice die spontaneously between P16 and P60 after a generalized seizure characterized by tonic hind limb extension
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behavior/neurological
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• mice develop spontaneous seizures
• nonfatal seizures are generalized with clonic limb contractions and include transient episodes of apnea and bradycardia that are less severe than during fatal seizures
• all spontaneous seizures with tonic hind limb extension are fatal
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• maximal electroshock induces generalized seizures, but these seizures are less likely to cause apnea
• a rise in body temperature induces seizures in mutants, with first seizure occurring at an average of 39.67 degrees Celsius, leading to death in 18 of 21 mice after 3.53 seizures
• fatal heat-induced seizures are characterized by tonic hind limb extension or clonic limb contractions followed by a decrease in heart rate
• pre-treatment of mice with hypothermia-induced seizures with high-dose atropine prevents peri-ictal apnea and reduces the likelihood of tonic hind limb extension and death, but does not reduced the likelihood of seizures or the duration or severity of seizures
• pre-treatment of mice with hypothermia-induced seizures with N-methylscopalamine does not prevent apnea, bradycardia or death
• pre-treatment of mice with hypothermia-induced seizures with methylatrophine prevents bradycardia, death and apnea
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cardiovascular system
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• mice exhibit a rapid decrease in heart rate shortly after the onset of apnea during seizure but the heartbeat remains above 25-51% of control for 60 seconds after onset of apnea and continues for almost 4 minutes after the end of seizure, with slowly worsening bradycardia eventually leading to terminal asystole
• bradycardia during seizure never occurs without apnea or severely decreased breath amplitude
• mice anesthetized with isoflurane and switched from normoxia to anoxia exhibit bradycardia and show a decrease in QRS complex amplitude
• pretreatment of mice with atropine does not prevent the bradycardia induced by anoxia
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nervous system
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• mice develop spontaneous seizures
• nonfatal seizures are generalized with clonic limb contractions and include transient episodes of apnea and bradycardia that are less severe than during fatal seizures
• all spontaneous seizures with tonic hind limb extension are fatal
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• maximal electroshock induces generalized seizures, but these seizures are less likely to cause apnea
• a rise in body temperature induces seizures in mutants, with first seizure occurring at an average of 39.67 degrees Celsius, leading to death in 18 of 21 mice after 3.53 seizures
• fatal heat-induced seizures are characterized by tonic hind limb extension or clonic limb contractions followed by a decrease in heart rate
• pre-treatment of mice with hypothermia-induced seizures with high-dose atropine prevents peri-ictal apnea and reduces the likelihood of tonic hind limb extension and death, but does not reduced the likelihood of seizures or the duration or severity of seizures
• pre-treatment of mice with hypothermia-induced seizures with N-methylscopalamine does not prevent apnea, bradycardia or death
• pre-treatment of mice with hypothermia-induced seizures with methylatrophine prevents bradycardia, death and apnea
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respiratory system
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• during seizure, mice develop central apnea; apnea occurs prior to bradycardia
• heat-induced seizures cause respiratory arrest and fatal heat-induced seizures always involve terminal apnea, with apnea occurring during the seizure or within seconds of the end of the seizure
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Mouse Models of Human Disease |
DO ID | OMIM ID(s) | Ref(s) | |
| Dravet syndrome | DOID:0080422 |
OMIM:607208 |
J:260796 | |
