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Gene Expression Literature Summary
Symbol
Name
ID
Alpl
alkaline phosphatase, liver/bone/kidney
MGI:87983

74 matching records from 74 references.

Summary by Age and Assay: Numbers in the table indicate the number of results matching the search criteria.
Age E1 E2 E3 E7.5 E8.5 E9.5 E10.5 E11 E11.5 E12 E12.5 E13 E13.5 E14 E14.5 E15 E15.5 E16 E16.5 E17.5 E18 E18.5 E19.5 E P
Immunohistochemistry (section) 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 13
In situ RNA (section) 1 3 2 1 2 1
Immunohistochemistry (whole mount) 1
In situ RNA (whole mount) 1 1
In situ reporter (knock in) 1 1 1 1 1
Northern blot 1 1 1 1 2 2
Western blot 1
RT-PCR 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 6 2 2 3 5 3 5 1 7 3 8 5 2 5 1 27
cDNA clones 1
RNase protection 1 1

Summary by Gene and Reference: Number indicates the number of results matching the search criteria recorded for each reference.
* Indicates detailed expression data entries available
Alpl  alkaline phosphatase, liver/bone/kidney   (Synonyms: Akp-2, Akp2, ALP, TNAP, TNSALP)
Results  Reference
1J:153618 Ahrens MJ, Li Y, Jiang H, Dudley AT, Convergent extension movements in growth plate chondrocytes require gpi-anchored cell surface proteins. Development. 2009 Oct;136(20):3463-74
1*J:138140 Aqeilan RI, Hassan MQ, de Bruin A, Hagan JP, Volinia S, Palumbo T, Hussain S, Lee SH, Gaur T, Stein GS, Lian JB, Croce CM, The WWOX tumor suppressor is essential for postnatal survival and normal bone metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2008 Aug 1;283(31):21629-39
4*J:279777 Arno B, Galli F, Roostalu U, Aldeiri BM, Miyake T, Albertini A, Bragg L, Prehar S, McDermott JC, Cartwright EJ, Cossu G, TNAP limits TGF-beta-dependent cardiac and skeletal muscle fibrosis by inactivating the SMAD2/3 transcription factors. J Cell Sci. 2019 Aug 8;132(15):jcs234948
1J:90056 Bialek P, Kern B, Yang X, Schrock M, Sosic D, Hong N, Wu H, Yu K, Ornitz DM, Olson EN, Justice MJ, Karsenty G, A twist code determines the onset of osteoblast differentiation. Dev Cell. 2004 Mar;6(3):423-35
1J:347522 Carr MJ, Toma JS, Johnston APW, Steadman PE, Yuzwa SA, Mahmud N, Frankland PW, Kaplan DR, Miller FD, Mesenchymal Precursor Cells in Adult Nerves Contribute to Mammalian Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Cell Stem Cell. 2019 Feb 7;24(2):240-256.e9
4J:181527 Chaible LM, Sanches DS, Cogliati B, Mennecier G, Dagli ML, Delayed osteoblastic differentiation and bone development in Cx43 knockout mice. Toxicol Pathol. 2011 Dec;39(7):1046-55
2J:224562 Chen Q, Sinha K, Deng JM, Yasuda H, Krahe R, Behringer RR, de Crombrugghe B, Mesenchymal Deletion of Histone Demethylase NO66 in Mice Promotes Bone Formation. J Bone Miner Res. 2015 Sep;30(9):1608-17
1J:146483 de Frutos CA, Dacquin R, Vega S, Jurdic P, Machuca-Gayet I, Nieto MA, Snail1 controls bone mass by regulating Runx2 and VDR expression during osteoblast differentiation. EMBO J. 2009 Mar 18;28(6):686-96
1J:104802 Deckelbaum RA, Majithia A, Booker T, Henderson JE, Loomis CA, The homeoprotein engrailed 1 has pleiotropic functions in calvarial intramembranous bone formation and remodeling. Development. 2006 Jan;133(1):63-74
1J:108241 Desai J, Shannon ME, Johnson MD, Ruff DW, Hughes LA, Kerley MK, Carpenter DA, Johnson DK, Rinchik EM, Culiat CT, Nell1-deficient mice have reduced expression of extracellular matrix proteins causing cranial and vertebral defects. Hum Mol Genet. 2006 Apr 15;15(8):1329-41
1J:297060 DeSisto J, O'Rourke R, Jones HE, Pawlikowski B, Malek AD, Bonney S, Guimiot F, Jones KL, Siegenthaler JA, Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analyses of the Developing Meninges Reveal Meningeal Fibroblast Diversity and Function. Dev Cell. 2020 Jul 6;54(1):43-59.e4
1*J:153498 Diez-Roux G, Banfi S, Sultan M, Geffers L, Anand S, Rozado D, Magen A, Canidio E, Pagani M, Peluso I, Lin-Marq N, Koch M, Bilio M, Cantiello I, Verde R, De Masi C, Bianchi SA, Cicchini J, Perroud E, Mehmeti S, Dagand E, Schrinner S, Nurnberger A, SchmidtK, Metz K, Zwingmann C, Brieske N, Springer C, Hernandez AM, Herzog S, Grabbe F, Sieverding C, Fischer B, Schrader K, Brockmeyer M, Dettmer S, Helbig C, Alunni V, Battaini MA, Mura C, Henrichsen CN, Garcia-Lopez R, Echevarria D, Puelles E, et al., A high-resolution anatomical atlas of the transcriptome in the mouse embryo. PLoS Biol. 2011;9(1):e1000582
1J:225092 Duverger O, Isaac J, Zah A, Hwang J, Berdal A, Lian JB, Morasso MI, In vivo impact of Dlx3 conditional inactivation in neural crest-derived craniofacial bones. J Cell Physiol. 2013 Mar;228(3):654-64
1J:183084 Dy P, Wang W, Bhattaram P, Wang Q, Wang L, Ballock RT, Lefebvre V, Sox9 directs hypertrophic maturation and blocks osteoblast differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes. Dev Cell. 2012 Mar 13;22(3):597-609
5*J:34642 Escalante-Alcalde D, Recillas-Targa F, Hernandez-Garcia D, Castro-Obregon S, Terao M, Garattini E, Covarrubias L, Retinoic acid and methylation cis-regulatory elements control the mouse tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase gene expression. Mech Dev. 1996 Jun;57(1):21-32
7*J:335200 Fu Y, Miyazaki K, Chiba Y, Funada K, Yuta T, Tian T, Mizuta K, Kawahara J, Zhang L, Martin D, Iwamoto T, Takahashi I, Fukumoto S, Yoshizaki K, Identification of GPI-anchored protein LYPD1 as an essential factor for odontoblast differentiation in tooth development. J Biol Chem. 2023 Mar 23;299(5):104638
1J:47285 Galili N, Epstein JA, Leconte I, Nayak S, Buck CA, Gscl, a gene within the minimal DiGeorge critical region, is expressed in primordial germ cells and the developing pons. Dev Dyn. 1998 May;212(1):86-93
1J:104509 Ghoul-Mazgar S, Hotton D, Lezot F, Blin-Wakkach C, Asselin A, Sautier JM, Berdal A, Expression pattern of Dlx3 during cell differentiation in mineralized tissues. Bone. 2005 Dec;37(6):799-809
1*J:306057 Guo L, Iida A, Bhavani GS, Gowrishankar K, Wang Z, Xue JY, Wang J, Miyake N, Matsumoto N, Hasegawa T, Iizuka Y, Matsuda M, Nakashima T, Takechi M, Iseki S, Yambe S, Nishimura G, Koseki H, Shukunami C, Girisha KM, Ikegawa S, Deficiency of TMEM53 causes a previously unknown sclerosing bone disorder by dysregulation of BMP-SMAD signaling. Nat Commun. 2021 Apr 6;12(1):2046
10*J:11608 Hahnel AC, Rappolee DA, Millan JL, Manes T, Ziomek CA, Theodosiou NG, Werb Z, Pedersen RA, Schultz GA, Two alkaline phosphatase genes are expressed during early development in the mouse embryo. Development. 1990 Oct;110(2):555-64
1J:167738 Hardouin SN, Guo R, Romeo PH, Nagy A, Aubin JE, Impaired mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and osteoclastogenesis in mice deficient for Igf2-P2 transcripts. Development. 2011 Jan;138(2):203-13
1J:338183 Hariri H, Kose O, Bezdjian A, Daniel SJ, St-Arnaud R, USP53 Regulates Bone Homeostasis by Controlling Rankl Expression in Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Adipocytes. J Bone Miner Res. 2023 Apr;38(4):578-596
2*J:115165 Hecht J, Seitz V, Urban M, Wagner F, Robinson PN, Stiege A, Dieterich C, Kornak U, Wilkening U, Brieske N, Zwingman C, Kidess A, Stricker S, Mundlos S, Detection of novel skeletogenesis target genes by comprehensive analysis of a Runx2(-/-) mouse model. Gene Expr Patterns. 2007 Jan;7(1-2):102-12
1J:309228 Hill C, Jacobs B, Kennedy L, Rohde S, Zhou B, Baldwin S, Goudy S, Cranial neural crest deletion of VEGFa causes cleft palate with aberrant vascular and bone development. Cell Tissue Res. 2015 Sep;361(3):711-22
2*J:218259 Hill CR, Jacobs BH, Brown CB, Barnett JV, Goudy SL, Type III transforming growth factor beta receptor regulates vascular and osteoblast development during palatogenesis. Dev Dyn. 2015 Feb;244(2):122-33
2J:207974 Hill CR, Yuasa M, Schoenecker J, Goudy SL, Jagged1 is essential for osteoblast development during maxillary ossification. Bone. 2014 May;62:10-21
1*J:233142 Hilton MJ, Tu X, Wu X, Bai S, Zhao H, Kobayashi T, Kronenberg HM, Teitelbaum SL, Ross FP, Kopan R, Long F, Notch signaling maintains bone marrow mesenchymal progenitors by suppressing osteoblast differentiation. Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):306-14
2J:185618 Hojo H, Ohba S, Yano F, Saito T, Ikeda T, Nakajima K, Komiyama Y, Nakagata N, Suzuki K, Takato T, Kawaguchi H, Chung UI, Gli1 protein participates in Hedgehog-mediated specification of osteoblast lineage during endochondral ossification. J Biol Chem. 2012 May 18;287(21):17860-9
1J:217455 Holm E, Aubin JE, Hunter GK, Beier F, Goldberg HA, Loss of bone sialoprotein leads to impaired endochondral bone development and mineralization. Bone. 2015 Feb;71:145-54
1*J:292270 Ideno H, Nakashima K, Komatsu K, Araki R, Abe M, Arai Y, Kimura H, Shinkai Y, Tachibana M, Nifuji A, G9a is involved in the regulation of cranial bone formation through activation of Runx2 function during development. Bone. 2020 Aug;137:115332
1*J:230169 Isaac J, Erthal J, Gordon J, Duverger O, Sun HW, Lichtler AC, Stein GS, Lian JB, Morasso MI, DLX3 regulates bone mass by targeting genes supporting osteoblast differentiation and mineral homeostasis in vivo. Cell Death Differ. 2014 Sep;21(9):1365-76
3J:256071 Iyyanar PPR, Nazarali AJ, Hoxa2 Inhibits Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling during Osteogenic Differentiation of the Palatal Mesenchyme. Front Physiol. 2017;8:929
2J:266558 Jin Y, Cong Q, Gvozdenovic-Jeremic J, Hu J, Zhang Y, Terkeltaub R, Yang Y, Enpp1 inhibits ectopic joint calcification and maintains articular chondrocytes by repressing hedgehog signaling. Development. 2018 Sep 20;145(18):dev164830
2J:143588 Kamiya N, Ye L, Kobayashi T, Mochida Y, Yamauchi M, Kronenberg HM, Feng JQ, Mishina Y, BMP signaling negatively regulates bone mass through sclerostin by inhibiting the canonical Wnt pathway. Development. 2008 Nov;135(22):3801-11
1J:240175 Kelleher AM, Peng W, Pru JK, Pru CA, DeMayo FJ, Spencer TE, Forkhead box a2 (FOXA2) is essential for uterine function and fertility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Feb 07;114(6):E1018-E1026
1J:279226 Kim TH, Bae CH, Lee JC, Kim JE, Yang X, de Crombrugghe B, Cho ES, Osterix regulates tooth root formation in a site-specific manner. J Dent Res. 2015 Mar;94(3):430-8
1J:294900 Koide M, Yamashita T, Murakami K, Uehara S, Nakamura K, Nakamura M, Matsushita M, Ara T, Yasuda H, Penninger JM, Takahashi N, Udagawa N, Kobayashi Y, Sclerostin expression in trabecular bone is downregulated by osteoclasts. Sci Rep. 2020 Aug 13;10(1):13751
1*J:40783 Komori T, Yagi H, Nomura S, Yamaguchi A, Sasaki K, Deguchi K , Shimizu Y , Bronson RT , Gao YH , Inada M , Sato M , Okamoto R , Kitamura Y , Yoshiki S , Kishimoto T, Targeted disruption of Cbfa1 results in a complete lack of bone formation owing to maturational arrest of osteoblasts. Cell. 1997 May 30;89(5):755-64
1J:331419 Labbe P, Munoz Goyette V, Thorin-Trescases N, Villeneuve L, Desanlis I, Delwarde C, Shi YF, Martel C, Yu C, Alikashani A, Mamarbachi M, Lesage F, Mathieu S, Tardif JC, Mathieu P, Kmita M, Thorin E, Angiopoietin-like 2 is essential to aortic valve development in mice. Commun Biol. 2022 Nov 21;5(1):1277
4J:130731 Langer D, Ikehara Y, Takebayashi H, Hawkes R, Zimmermann H, The ectonucleotidases alkaline phosphatase and nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 are associated with subsets of progenitor cell populations in the mouse embryonic, postnatal and adult neurogenic zones. Neuroscience. 2007 Dec 19;150(4):863-79
1J:254756 Lei R, Zhang K, Wei Y, Chen M, Weinstein LS, Hong Y, Zhu M, Li H, Li H, G-Protein alpha-Subunit Gsalpha Is Required for Craniofacial Morphogenesis. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0147535
5J:182649 Levi B, James AW, Nelson ER, Brugmann SA, Sorkin M, Manu A, Longaker MT, Role of Indian hedgehog signaling in palatal osteogenesis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 Mar;127(3):1182-90
1*J:179203 Li Z, Zeng F, Mitchell AD, Kim YS, Wu Z, Yang J, Transgenic overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein 11 propeptide in skeleton enhances bone formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Dec 16;416(3-4):289-92
1*J:203695 Lieben L, Stockmans I, Moermans K, Carmeliet G, Maternal hypervitaminosis D reduces fetal bone mass and mineral acquisition and leads to neonatal lethality. Bone. 2013 Nov;57(1):123-31
1J:306541 Lin YC, Niceta M, Muto V, Vona B, Pagnamenta AT, Maroofian R, Beetz C, van Duyvenvoorde H, Dentici ML, Lauffer P, Vallian S, Ciolfi A, Pizzi S, Bauer P, Gruning NM, Bellacchio E, Del Fattore A, Petrini S, Shaheen R, Tiosano D, Halloun R, Pode-Shakked B, Albayrak HM, Isik E, Wit JM, Dittrich M, Freire BL, Bertola DR, Jorge AAL, Barel O, Sabir AH, Al Tenaiji AMJ, Taji SM, Al-Sannaa N, Al-Abdulwahed H, Digilio MC, Irving M, Anikster Y, Bhavani GSL, Girisha KM, Haaf T, Taylor JC, Dallapiccola B, Alkuraya FS, Yang RB, Tartaglia M, SCUBE3 loss-of-function causes a recognizable recessive developmental disorder due to defective bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Am J Hum Genet. 2021 Jan 7;108(1):115-133
3J:246045 Marulanda J, Eimar H, McKee MD, Berkvens M, Nelea V, Roman H, Borras T, Tamimi F, Ferron M, Murshed M, Matrix Gla protein deficiency impairs nasal septum growth, causing midface hypoplasia. J Biol Chem. 2017 Jul 07;292(27):11400-11412
2*J:252079 McKee MD, Yadav MC, Foster BL, Somerman MJ, Farquharson C, Millan JL, Compounded PHOSPHO1/ALPL deficiencies reduce dentin mineralization. J Dent Res. 2013 Aug;92(8):721-7
3J:160474 Moreno SG, Attali M, Allemand I, Messiaen S, Fouchet P, Coffigny H, Romeo PH, Habert R, TGFbeta signaling in male germ cells regulates gonocyte quiescence and fertility in mice. Dev Biol. 2010 Jun 1;342(1):74-84
1J:261627 Mori K, Nakamura H, Kurooka H, Miyachi H, Tamada K, Sugai M, Takumi T, Yokota Y, Id2 determines intestinal identity through repression of the foregut transcription factor, Irx5. Mol Cell Biol. 2018 Feb 20;
1J:316165 Nakamura E, Hata K, Takahata Y, Kurosaka H, Abe M, Abe T, Kihara M, Komori T, Kobayashi S, Murakami T, Inubushi T, Yamashiro T, Yamamoto S, Akiyama H, Kawaguchi M, Sakata N, Nishimura R, Zfhx4 regulates endochondral ossification as the transcriptional platform of Osterix in mice. Commun Biol. 2021 Nov 3;4(1):1258
6J:21480 Narisawa S, Hasegawa H, Watanabe K, Millan JL, Stage-specific expression of alkaline phosphatase during neural development in the mouse. Dev Dyn. 1994 Nov;201(3):227-35
1*J:179587 Nelson ER, Levi B, Sorkin M, James AW, Liu KJ, Quarto N, Longaker MT, Role of GSK-3beta in the osteogenic differentiation of palatal mesenchyme. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e25847
4J:348078 Nie X, Abbasi Y, Chung MK, Piezo1 and Piezo2 collectively regulate jawbone development. Development. 2024 May 1;151(9):dev202386
7J:264160 Patoine A, Husseini A, Kasaai B, Gaumond MH, Moffatt P, The osteogenic cell surface marker BRIL/IFITM5 is dispensable for bone development and homeostasis in mice. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):e0184568
1J:258274 Patra D, DeLassus E, Mueller J, Abou-Ezzi G, Sandell LJ, Site-1 protease regulates skeletal stem cell population and osteogenic differentiation in mice. Biol Open. 2018 Feb 22;7(2):bio032094
1J:239525 Peskett E, Kumar S, Baird W, Jaiswal J, Li M, Patel P, Britto JA, Pauws E, Analysis of the Fgfr2C342Y mouse model shows condensation defects due to misregulation of Sox9 expression in prechondrocytic mesenchyme. Biol Open. 2017 Feb 15;6(2):223-231
2J:325077 Pitirri MK, Durham EL, Romano NA, Santos JI, Coupe AP, Zheng H, Chen DZ, Kawasaki K, Jabs EW, Richtsmeier JT, Wu M, Motch Perrine SM, Meckel's Cartilage in Mandibular Development and Dysmorphogenesis. Front Genet. 2022;13:871927
2*J:255349 Rauch F, Geng Y, Lamplugh L, Hekmatnejad B, Gaumond MH, Penney J, Yamanaka Y, Moffatt P, Crispr-Cas9 engineered osteogenesis imperfecta type V leads to severe skeletal deformities and perinatal lethality in mice. Bone. 2018 Feb;107:131-142
2*J:309449 Sakurai A, Hasegawa T, Kudo A, Shen Z, Nagai T, Abe M, Yoshida T, Hongo H, Yamamoto T, Yamamoto T, Oda K, Freitas PHL, Li M, Sano H, Amizuka N, Chronological immunolocalization of sclerostin and FGF23 in the mouse metaphyseal trabecular and cortical bone. Biomed Res. 2017;38(4):257-267
1J:257520 Sardella C, Winkler C, Quignodon L, Hardman JA, Toffoli B, Giordano Attianese GMP, Hundt JE, Michalik L, Vinson CR, Paus R, Desvergne B, Gilardi F, Delayed Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Hair Follicle Dystrophy in a Lipoatrophy Mouse Model of Pparg Total Deletion. J Invest Dermatol. 2018 Mar;138(3):500-510
1J:208432 Schwarz D, Varum S, Zemke M, Scholer A, Baggiolini A, Draganova K, Koseki H, Schubeler D, Sommer L, Ezh2 is required for neural crest-derived cartilage and bone formation. Development. 2014 Feb;141(4):867-77
1J:159823 Sohaskey ML, Jiang Y, Zhao JJ, Mohr A, Roemer F, Harland RM, Osteopotentia regulates osteoblast maturation, bone formation, and skeletal integrity in mice. J Cell Biol. 2010 May 3;189(3):511-25
7J:124088 Soung do Y, Dong Y, Wang Y, Zuscik MJ, Schwarz EM, O'Keefe RJ, Drissi H, Runx3/AML2/Cbfa3 regulates early and late chondrocyte differentiation. J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Aug;22(8):1260-70
1J:282076 Stoffel W, Hammels I, Jenke B, Schmidt-Soltau I, Niehoff A, Neutral Sphingomyelinase 2 (SMPD3) Deficiency in Mice Causes Chondrodysplasia with Unimpaired Skeletal Mineralization. Am J Pathol. 2019 Sep;189(9):1831-1845
4J:33293 Studer M, Terao M, Gianni M, Garattini E, Characterization of a second promoter for the mouse liver/bone/kidney-type alkaline phosphatase gene: cell and tissue specific expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Sep 30;179(3):1352-60
3J:333326 Suh J, Kim NK, Shim W, Lee SH, Kim HJ, Moon E, Sesaki H, Jang JH, Kim JE, Lee YS, Mitochondrial fragmentation and donut formation enhance mitochondrial secretion to promote osteogenesis. Cell Metab. 2023 Feb 7;35(2):345-360.e7
2*J:145898 Takai A, Toyoshima T, Uemura M, Kitawaki Y, Marusawa H, Hiai H, Yamada S, Okazaki IM, Honjo T, Chiba T, Kinoshita K, A novel mouse model of hepatocarcinogenesis triggered by AID causing deleterious p53 mutations. Oncogene. 2009 Jan 29;28(4):469-78
1J:326699 Tosun B, Wolff LI, Houben A, Nutt S, Hartmann C, Osteoclasts and Macrophages-Their Role in Bone Marrow Cavity Formation During Mouse Embryonic Development. J Bone Miner Res. 2022 Jun 11;
2J:114035 Tylzanowski P, Verschueren K, Huylebroeck D, Luyten FP, Smad-interacting protein 1 is a repressor of liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase transcription in bone morphogenetic protein-induced osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells. J Biol Chem. 2001 Oct 26;276(43):40001-7
1*J:122989 Visel A, Thaller C, Eichele G, GenePaint.org: an atlas of gene expression patterns in the mouse embryo. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Jan 1;32(Database issue):D552-6
4*J:308931 Wang X, Chiba Y, Jia L, Yoshizaki K, Saito K, Yamada A, Qin M, Fukumoto S, Expression Patterns of Claudin Family Members During Tooth Development and the Role of Claudin-10 (Cldn10) in Cytodifferentiation of Stratum Intermedium. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:595593
2J:264402 Welsh IC, Hart J, Brown JM, Hansen K, Rocha Marques M, Aho RJ, Grishina I, Hurtado R, Herzlinger D, Ferretti E, Garcia-Garcia MJ, Selleri L, Pbx loss in cranial neural crest, unlike in epithelium, results in cleft palate only and a broader midface. J Anat. 2018 Aug;233(2):222-242
2J:306388 Yen YT, Chien M, Wu PY, Hung SC, PP2A in LepR+ mesenchymal stem cells contributes to embryonic and postnatal endochondral ossification through Runx2 dephosphorylation. Commun Biol. 2021 Jun 2;4(1):658
1J:168525 Zhang S, Xiao Z, Luo J, He N, Mahlios J, Quarles LD, Dose-dependent effects of Runx2 on bone development. J Bone Miner Res. 2009 Nov;24(11):1889-904

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last database update
11/12/2024
MGI 6.24
The Jackson Laboratory