Gene Expression Literature Summary

• Symbol: Amelx
• Name: amelogenin, X-linked
• ID: MGI:88005

75 matching records from 75 references.

Summary by Age and Assay: Numbers in the table indicate the number of results matching the search criteria.

Age	E9.5	E10.5	E11.5	E12.5	E13.5	E14	E14.5	E15	E15.5	E16	E16.5	E17	E17.5	E18	E18.5	E19	E19.5	E	P
Immunohistochemistry (section)		1	1	1	1		1		1		4		1	2	11	1			30
In situ RNA (section)	1			1	1		2		1	1	5		4		7	1	1	1	10
Northern blot															1				2
Western blot			1	1	1		1		1		1		1		1				4
RT-PCR		2	3	3	5	2	5	2	5	2	6	2	5	2	8	1	1	1	19

Summary by Gene and Reference: Number indicates the number of results matching the search criteria recorded for each reference.
* Indicates detailed expression data entries available

Amelx  amelogenin, X-linked   (Synonyms: Amel, Amg, M100888, Rgsc888)
Results	Reference
2	J:291194 Aryal YP, Neupane S, Adhikari N, An CH, Ha JH, Kwon TY, Yamamoto H, Jung JK, Park EK, Kim JY, Cho SW, Sohn WJ, Lee Y, Chae HJ, Kim HR, Kim JY, An endoplasmic reticulum stress regulator, Tmbim6, modulates secretory stage of mice molar. J Cell Physiol. 2019 Nov;234(11):20354-20365
1	J:140568 Barron MJ, Brookes SJ, Draper CE, Garrod D, Kirkham J, Shore RC, Dixon MJ, The cell adhesion molecule nectin-1 is critical for normal enamel formation in mice. Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Nov 15;17(22):3509-20
1	J:228639 Blackburn J, Kawasaki K, Porntaveetus T, Kawasaki M, Otsuka-Tanaka Y, Miake Y, Ota MS, Watanabe M, Hishinuma M, Nomoto T, Oommen S, Ghafoor S, Harada F, Nozawa-Inoue K, Maeda T, Peterkova R, Lesot H, Inoue J, Akiyama T, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Liu B, Hu Y, Page A, Ramirez A, Sharpe PT, Ohazama A, Excess NF-kappaB induces ectopic odontogenesis in embryonic incisor epithelium. J Dent Res. 2015 Jan;94(1):121-8
2*	J:60658 Bouwman P, Gollner H, Elsasser HP, Eckhoff G, Karis A, Grosveld F, Philipsen S, Suske G, Transcription factor Sp3 is essential for post-natal survival and late tooth development. EMBO J. 2000 Feb 15;19(4):655-61
3	J:245023 Cantu C, Pagella P, Shajiei TD, Zimmerli D, Valenta T, Hausmann G, Basler K, Mitsiadis TA, A cytoplasmic role of Wnt/beta-catenin transcriptional cofactors Bcl9, Bcl9l, and Pygopus in tooth enamel formation. Sci Signal. 2017 Feb 07;10(465)
1*	J:166613 Cao H, Florez S, Amen M, Huynh T, Skobe Z, Baldini A, Amendt BA, Tbx1 regulates progenitor cell proliferation in the dental epithelium by modulating Pitx2 activation of p21. Dev Biol. 2010 Nov 15;347(2):289-300
1	J:199298 Cao H, Jheon A, Li X, Sun Z, Wang J, Florez S, Zhang Z, McManus MT, Klein OD, Amendt BA, The Pitx2:miR-200c/141:noggin pathway regulates Bmp signaling and ameloblast differentiation. Development. 2013 Aug;140(16):3348-59
3*	J:149254 Caton J, Luder HU, Zoupa M, Bradman M, Bluteau G, Tucker AS, Klein O, Mitsiadis TA, Enamel-free teeth: Tbx1 deletion affects amelogenesis in rodent incisors. Dev Biol. 2009 Apr 15;328(2):493-505
5*	J:19198 Couwenhoven RI, Snead ML, Early determination and permissive expression of amelogenin transcription during mouse mandibular first molar development. Dev Biol. 1994 Jul;164(1):290-9
1	J:65294 Dassule HR, Lewis P, Bei M, Maas R, McMahon AP, Sonic hedgehog regulates growth and morphogenesis of the tooth. Development. 2000 Nov;127(22):4775-85
1	J:126743 de Vega S, Iwamoto T, Nakamura T, Hozumi K, McKnight DA, Fisher LW, Fukumoto S, Yamada Y, TM14 is a new member of the fibulin family (fibulin-7) that interacts with extracellular matrix molecules and is active for cell binding. J Biol Chem. 2007 Oct 19;282(42):30878-88
1	J:152420 Denaxa M, Sharpe PT, Pachnis V, The LIM homeodomain transcription factors Lhx6 and Lhx7 are key regulators of mammalian dentition. Dev Biol. 2009 Sep 15;333(2):324-36
2*	J:40646 Diekwisch TG, Ware J, Fincham AG, Zeichner-David M, Immunohistochemical similarities and differences between amelogenin and tuftelin gene products during tooth development. J Histochem Cytochem. 1997 Jun;45(6):859-66
1*	J:153498 Diez-Roux G, Banfi S, Sultan M, Geffers L, Anand S, Rozado D, Magen A, Canidio E, Pagani M, Peluso I, Lin-Marq N, Koch M, Bilio M, Cantiello I, Verde R, De Masi C, Bianchi SA, Cicchini J, Perroud E, Mehmeti S, Dagand E, Schrinner S, Nurnberger A, SchmidtK, Metz K, Zwingmann C, Brieske N, Springer C, Hernandez AM, Herzog S, Grabbe F, Sieverding C, Fischer B, Schrader K, Brockmeyer M, Dettmer S, Helbig C, Alunni V, Battaini MA, Mura C, Henrichsen CN, Garcia-Lopez R, Echevarria D, Puelles E, et al., A high-resolution anatomical atlas of the transcriptome in the mouse embryo. PLoS Biol. 2011;9(1):e1000582
1	J:308456 Eliason S, Sharp T, Sweat M, Sweat YY, Amendt BA, Ectodermal Organ Development Is Regulated by a microRNA-26b-Lef-1-Wnt Signaling Axis. Front Physiol. 2020;11:780
5	J:327958 Eliason S, Su D, Pinho F, Sun Z, Zhang Z, Li X, Sweat M, Venugopalan SR, He B, Bustin M, Amendt BA, HMGN2 represses gene transcription via interaction with transcription factors Lef-1 and Pitx2 during amelogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2022 Jul 21;298(9):102295
1	J:317814 Fan L, Ou YJ, Zhu YX, Liang YD, Zhou Y, Wang YN, Lif Deficiency Leads to Iron Transportation Dysfunction in Ameloblasts. J Dent Res. 2022 Jan;101(1):63-72
1	J:104509 Ghoul-Mazgar S, Hotton D, Lezot F, Blin-Wakkach C, Asselin A, Sautier JM, Berdal A, Expression pattern of Dlx3 during cell differentiation in mineralized tissues. Bone. 2005 Dec;37(6):799-809
3*	J:146765 Golonzhka O, Metzger D, Bornert JM, Bay BK, Gross MK, Kioussi C, Leid M, Ctip2/Bcl11b controls ameloblast formation during mammalian odontogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Mar 17;106(11):4278-83
16*	J:150097 Gruenbaum-Cohen Y, Tucker AS, Haze A, Shilo D, Taylor AL, Shay B, Sharpe PT, Mitsiadis TA, Ornoy A, Blumenfeld A, Deutsch D, Amelogenin in cranio-facial development: the tooth as a model to study the role of amelogenin during embryogenesis. J Exp Zoolog B Mol Dev Evol. 2009 Jul 15;312B(5):445-57
1	J:349397 Gruper Y, Wolff ASB, Glanz L, Spoutil F, Marthinussen MC, Osickova A, Herzig Y, Goldfarb Y, Aranaz-Novaliches G, Dobes J, Kadouri N, Ben-Nun O, Binyamin A, Lavi B, Givony T, Khalaila R, Gome T, Wald T, Mrazkova B, Sochen C, Besnard M, Ben-Dor S, Feldmesser E, Orlova EM, Hegedus C, Lampe I, Papp T, Felszeghy S, Sedlacek R, Davidovich E, Tal N, Shouval DS, Shamir R, Guillonneau C, Szondy Z, Lundin KEA, Osicka R, Prochazka J, Husebye ES, Abramson J, Autoimmune amelogenesis imperfecta in patients with APS-1 and coeliac disease. Nature. 2023 Dec;624(7992):653-662
1*	J:279055 He B, Chiba Y, Li H, de Vega S, Tanaka K, Yoshizaki K, Ishijima M, Yuasa K, Ishikawa M, Rhodes C, Sakai K, Zhang P, Fukumoto S, Zhou X, Yamada Y, Identification of the Novel Tooth-Specific Transcription Factor AmeloD. J Dent Res. 2019 Feb;98(2):234-241
2	J:182873 Jheon AH, Mostowfi P, Snead ML, Ihrie RA, Sone E, Pramparo T, Attardi LD, Klein OD, PERP regulates enamel formation via effects on cell-cell adhesion and gene expression. J Cell Sci. 2011 Mar 1;124(Pt 5):745-54
1	J:313928 Kim EJ, Lee JE, Yoon S, Lee DJ, Mai HN, Ida-Yonemochi H, Choi J, Jung HS, Hypoxia-Responsive Oxygen Nanobubbles for Tissues-Targeted Delivery in Developing Tooth Germs. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:626224
2	J:130572 Klein OD, Lyons DB, Balooch G, Marshall GW, Basson MA, Peterka M, Boran T, Peterkova R, Martin GR, An FGF signaling loop sustains the generation of differentiated progeny from stem cells in mouse incisors. Development. 2008 Jan;135(2):377-85
2	J:187316 Kyrylkova K, Kyryachenko S, Biehs B, Klein O, Kioussi C, Leid M, BCL11B regulates epithelial proliferation and asymmetric development of the mouse mandibular incisor. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37670
25	J:188148 Landin MA, Shabestari M, Babaie E, Reseland JE, Osmundsen H, Gene Expression Profiling during Murine Tooth Development. Front Genet. 2012;3:139
1	J:171428 Li J, Huang X, Xu X, Mayo J, Bringas P Jr, Jiang R, Wang S, Chai Y, SMAD4-mediated WNT signaling controls the fate of cranial neural crest cells during tooth morphogenesis. Development. 2011 May;138(10):1977-89
1	J:168033 Li L, Lin M, Wang Y, Cserjesi P, Chen Z, Chen Y, BmprIa is required in mesenchymal tissue and has limited redundant function with BmprIb in tooth and palate development. Dev Biol. 2011 Jan 15;349(2):451-61
1	J:204229 Li L, Wang Y, Lin M, Yuan G, Yang G, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Augmented BMPRIA-mediated BMP signaling in cranial neural crest lineage leads to cleft palate formation and delayed tooth differentiation. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e66107
7	J:203117 Li X, Venugopalan SR, Cao H, Pinho FO, Paine ML, Snead ML, Semina EV, Amendt BA, A model for the molecular underpinnings of tooth defects in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 2014 Jan 1;23(1):194-208
1*	J:167829 Lin M, Li L, Liu C, Liu H, He F, Yan F, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wnt5a regulates growth, patterning, and odontoblast differentiation of developing mouse tooth. Dev Dyn. 2011 Feb;240(2):432-40
1*	J:139122 Manabe R, Tsutsui K, Yamada T, Kimura M, Nakano I, Shimono C, Sanzen N, Furutani Y, Fukuda T, Oguri Y, Shimamoto K, Kiyozumi D, Sato Y, Sado Y, Senoo H, Yamashina S, Fukuda S, Kawai J, Sugiura N, Kimata K, Hayashizaki Y, Sekiguchi K, Transcriptome-based systematic identification of extracellular matrix proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 2;105(35):12849-54
1	J:316793 Matalova E, Lesot H, Svandova E, Vanden Berghe T, Sharpe PT, Healy C, Vandenabeele P, Tucker AS, Caspase-7 participates in differentiation of cells forming dental hard tissues. Dev Growth Differ. 2013 Jun;55(5):615-21
2	J:334075 Mitsiadis TA, Pagella P, Gomes Rodrigues H, Tsouknidas A, Ramenzoni LL, Radtke F, Mehl A, Viriot L, Notch Signaling Pathway in Tooth Shape Variations throughout Evolution. Cells. 2023 Feb 27;12(5)
2*	J:341326 Nag P, Inubushi T, Sasaki JI, Murotani T, Kusano S, Nakanishi Y, Shiraishi Y, Kurosaka H, Imazato S, Yamaguchi Y, Yamashiro T, Tmem2 Deficiency Leads to Enamel Hypoplasia and Soft Enamel in Mouse. J Dent Res. 2023 Sep;102(10):1162-1171
8	J:17058 Nakamura M, Bringas P Jr, Nanci A, Zeichner-David M, Ashdown B, Slavkin HC, Translocation of enamel proteins from inner enamel epithelia to odontoblasts during mouse tooth development. Anat Rec. 1994 Mar;238(3):383-96
1	J:309378 Naveau A, Zhang B, Meng B, Sutherland MT, Prochazkova M, Wen T, Marangoni P, Jones KB, Cox TC, Ganss B, Jheon AH, Klein OD, Isl1 Controls Patterning and Mineralization of Enamel in the Continuously Renewing Mouse Incisor. J Bone Miner Res. 2017 Nov;32(11):2219-2231
2*	J:297164 Nie X, Zheng J, Cruciger M, Yang P, Mao JJ, mTOR plays a pivotal role in multiple processes of enamel organ development principally through the mTORC1 pathway and in part via regulating cytoskeleton dynamics. Dev Biol. 2020 Nov 1;467(1-2):77-87
1	J:260265 O'Connell DJ, Ho JW, Mammoto T, Turbe-Doan A, O'Connell JT, Haseley PS, Koo S, Kamiya N, Ingber DE, Park PJ, Maas RL, A Wnt-bmp feedback circuit controls intertissue signaling dynamics in tooth organogenesis. Sci Signal. 2012 Jan 10;5(206):ra4
1	J:286893 Ogata K, Tsumuraya T, Oka K, Shin M, Okamoto F, Kajiya H, Katagiri C, Ozaki M, Matsushita M, Okabe K, The crucial role of the TRPM7 kinase domain in the early stage of amelogenesis. Sci Rep. 2017 Dec 22;7(1):18099
3	J:90053 Ohazama A, Hu Y, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Cao Y, Scheidereit C, Karin M, Sharpe PT, A dual role for Ikk alpha in tooth development. Dev Cell. 2004 Feb;6(2):219-27
1*	J:121723 Oka S, Oka K, Xu X, Sasaki T, Bringas P Jr, Chai Y, Cell autonomous requirement for TGF-beta signaling during odontoblast differentiation and dentin matrix formation. Mech Dev. 2007 Jul;124(6):409-15
1*	J:186496 Oommen S, Otsuka-Tanaka Y, Imam N, Kawasaki M, Kawasaki K, Jalani-Ghazani F, Anderegg A, Awatramani R, Hindges R, Sharpe PT, Ohazama A, Distinct roles of MicroRNAs in epithelium and mesenchyme during tooth development. Dev Dyn. 2012 Sep;241(9):1465-72
4*	J:123755 Osmundsen H, Landin MA, From SH, Kolltveit KM, Risnes S, Changes in gene-expression during development of the murine molar tooth germ. Arch Oral Biol. 2007 Sep;52(9):803-13
1	J:103753 Rios H, Koushik SV, Wang H, Wang J, Zhou HM, Lindsley A, Rogers R, Chen Z, Maeda M, Kruzynska-Frejtag A, Feng JQ, Conway SJ, periostin null mice exhibit dwarfism, incisor enamel defects, and an early-onset periodontal disease-like phenotype. Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Dec;25(24):11131-44
1	J:306807 Saito K, Michon F, Yamada A, Inuzuka H, Yamaguchi S, Fukumoto E, Yoshizaki K, Nakamura T, Arakaki M, Chiba Y, Ishikawa M, Okano H, Thesleff I, Fukumoto S, Sox21 Regulates Anapc10 Expression and Determines the Fate of Ectodermal Organ. iScience. 2020 Jul 24;23(7):101329
3*	J:147982 Sehic A, Khuu C, Risnes S, Osmundsen H, Differential gene expression profiling of the molar tooth germ in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) knockout mouse and in wild-type mouse: molar tooth phenotype of PPAR-alpha knockout mouse. Eur J Oral Sci. 2009 Apr;117(2):93-104
2*	J:165465 Sehic A, Risnes S, Khan QE, Khuu C, Osmundsen H, Gene expression and dental enamel structure in developing mouse incisor. Eur J Oral Sci. 2010 Apr;118(2):118-30
2*	J:18358 Simmer JP, Lau EC, Hu CC, Aoba T, Lacey M, Nelson D, Zeichner-David M, Snead ML, Slavkin HC, Fincham AG, Isolation and characterization of a mouse amelogenin expressed in Escherichia coli. Calcif Tissue Int. 1994 Apr;54(4):312-9
5*	J:289361 Snead ML, Luo W, Lau EC, Slavkin HC, Spatial- and temporal-restricted pattern for amelogenin gene expression during mouse molar tooth organogenesis. Development. 1988 Sep;104(1):77-85
2	J:38875 Sommer B, Bickel M, Hofstetter W, Wetterwald A, Expression of matrix proteins during the development of mineralized tissues. Bone. 1996 Oct;19(4):371-80
2	J:267193 Sun Z, da Fontoura CSG, Moreno M, Holton NE, Sweat M, Sweat Y, Lee MK, Arbon J, Bidlack FB, Thedens DR, Nopoulos P, Cao H, Eliason S, Weinberg SM, Martin JF, Moreno-Uribe L, Amendt BA, FoxO6 regulates Hippo signaling and growth of the craniofacial complex. PLoS Genet. 2018 Oct;14(10):e1007675
1	J:237541 Sun Z, Yu W, Sanz Navarro M, Sweat M, Eliason S, Sharp T, Liu H, Seidel K, Zhang L, Moreno M, Lynch T, Holton NE, Rogers L, Neff T, Goodheart MJ, Michon F, Klein OD, Chai Y, Dupuy A, Engelhardt JF, Chen Z, Amendt BA, Sox2 and Lef-1 interact with Pitx2 to regulate incisor development and stem cell renewal. Development. 2016 Nov 15;143(22):4115-4126
1	J:288236 Takahashi M, Ikeda K, Ohmuraya M, Nakagawa Y, Sakuma T, Yamamoto T, Kawakami K, Six1 is required for signaling center formation and labial-lingual asymmetry in developing lower incisors. Dev Dyn. 2020 Apr 3;
3*	J:256805 Tao J, Zhai Y, Park H, Han J, Dong J, Xie M, Gu T, Lewi K, Ji F, Jia W, Circadian Rhythm Regulates Development of Enamel in Mouse Mandibular First Molar. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0159946
1*	J:270176 Tian Z, Lv X, Zhang M, Wang X, Chen Y, Tang P, Xu P, Zhang L, Wu B, Zhang L, Deletion of epithelial cell-specific Cdc42 leads to enamel hypermaturation in a conditional knockout mouse model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2018 Aug;1864(8):2623-2632
1	J:320430 Toda Nakamura M, Zhang H, Guo D, Ueharu H, Pan H, Scott G, Harris M, Ray M, Feng JQ, Harris SE, Bonewald LF, Mishina Y, Podoplanin is dispensable for mineralized tissue formation and maintenance in the Swiss outbred mouse background. Genesis. 2021 Oct;59(10):e23450
1	J:178707 Wang SK, Komatsu Y, Mishina Y, Potential contribution of neural crest cells to dental enamel formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Nov 11;415(1):114-9
1	J:94518 Wang XP, Suomalainen M, Jorgez CJ, Matzuk MM, Werner S, Thesleff I, Follistatin regulates enamel patterning in mouse incisors by asymmetrically inhibiting BMP signaling and ameloblast differentiation. Dev Cell. 2004 Nov;7(5):719-30
1	J:20836 Weiss KM, Bollekens J, Ruddle FH, Takashita K, Distal-less and other homeobox genes in the development of the dentition. J Exp Zool. 1994 Nov 1;270(3):273-84
1*	J:30204 Weiss KM, Ruddle FH, Bollekens J, Dlx and other homeobox genes in the morphological development of the dentition. Connect Tissue Res. 1995;32(1-4):35-40
1*	J:332246 Xie F, Zhu X, Liu X, Chen H, Wang J, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation mediated by methyltransferase complex subunit WTAP regulates amelogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2022 Dec;298(12):102715
1	J:97520 Yamada A, Fukumoto E, Kamasaki Y, Ida-Yonemochi H, Saku T, Fujiwara T, Fukumoto S, GD3 synthase gene found expressed in dental epithelium and shown to regulate cell proliferation. Arch Oral Biol. 2005 Apr;50(4):393-9
1	J:312375 Yamada A, Yoshizaki K, Ishikawa M, Saito K, Chiba Y, Fukumoto E, Hino R, Hoshikawa S, Chiba M, Nakamura T, Iwamoto T, Fukumoto S, Connexin 43-Mediated Gap Junction Communication Regulates Ameloblast Differentiation via ERK1/2 Phosphorylation. Front Physiol. 2021;12:748574
12*	J:39157 Zeichner-David M, Vo H, Tan H, Diekwisch T, Berman B, Thiemann F , Alcocer MD , Hsu P , Wang T , Eyna J , Caton J , Slavkin HC , MacDougall M, Timing of the expression of enamel gene products during mouse tooth development. Int J Dev Biol. 1997 Feb;41(1):27-38
1	J:319643 Zhang B, Meng B, Viloria E, Naveau A, Ganss B, Jheon AH, The Role of Epithelial Stat3 in Amelogenesis during Mouse Incisor Renewal. Cells Tissues Organs. 2018;205(2):63-71
1	J:274043 Zhang H, Takeda H, Tsuji T, Kamiya N, Kunieda T, Mochida Y, Mishina Y, Loss of Function of Evc2 in Dental Mesenchyme Leads to Hypomorphic Enamel. J Dent Res. 2017 Apr;96(4):421-429
1	J:193857 Zhang Z, Gutierrez D, Li X, Bidlack F, Cao H, Wang J, Andrade K, Margolis HC, Amendt BA, The LIM homeodomain transcription factor LHX6: a transcriptional repressor that interacts with pituitary homeobox 2 (PITX2) to regulate odontogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2013 Jan 25;288(4):2485-500
1	J:173972 Zhao H, Li S, Han D, Kaartinen V, Chai Y, Alk5-mediated transforming growth factor beta signaling acts upstream of fibroblast growth factor 10 to regulate the proliferation and maintenance of dental epithelial stem cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2011 May;31(10):2079-89
1*	J:139188 Zhao H, Oka K, Bringas P, Kaartinen V, Chai Y, TGF-beta type I receptor Alk5 regulates tooth initiation and mandible patterning in a type II receptor-independent manner. Dev Biol. 2008 Aug 1;320(1):19-29
2	J:266585 Zheng J, Nie X, He L, Yoon AJ, Wu L, Zhang X, Vats M, Schiff MD, Xiang L, Tian Z, Ling J, Mao JJ, Epithelial Cdc42 Deletion Induced Enamel Organ Defects and Cystogenesis. J Dent Res. 2018 Nov;97(12):1346-1354
1	J:330612 Zheng X, Huang W, He Z, Li Y, Li S, Song Y, Effects of Fam83h truncation mutation on enamel developmental defects in male C57/BL6J mice. Bone. 2022 Oct 20;166:116595
2	J:50541 Zhou HM, Nichols A, Wohlwend A, Bolon I, Vassalli JD, Extracellular proteolysis alters tooth development in transgenic mice expressing urokinase-type plasminogen activator in the enamel organ. Development. 1999 Feb;126(5):903-12
1	J:316215 Zhou N, Li N, Liu J, Wang Y, Gao J, Wu Y, Chen X, Liu C, Xiao J, Persistent Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in mouse epithelium induces the ectopic Dspp expression in cheek mesenchyme. Organogenesis. 2019;15(1):1-12