Affected Systems |
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adipose tissue
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√
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abnormal adipose tissue morphology
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√
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abnormal fat pad morphology
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√
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behavior/neurological
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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behavior/neurological phenotype
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N
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abnormal active avoidance behavior
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√
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abnormal drinking behavior
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√
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increased anxiety-related response
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√
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abnormal fear-related response
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√
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abnormal motor capabilities/coordination/movement
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√
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√
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impaired righting response
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√
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tremors
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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impaired coordination
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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decreased grip strength
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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abnormal locomotor behavior
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√
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abnormal gait
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√
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√
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long stride length
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√
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short stride length
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√
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decreased vertical activity
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√
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decreased locomotor activity
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√
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√
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√
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√
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paralysis
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√
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√
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hindlimb paralysis
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√
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√
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√
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cardiovascular system
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√
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abnormal vascular endothelial cell morphology
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√
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abnormal capillary morphology
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√
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cellular
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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abnormal endoplasmic reticulum morphology
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√
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abnormal mitochondrial morphology
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√
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√
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√
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abnormal mitochondrial crista morphology
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√
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abnormal mitochondrial shape
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√
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increased mitochondrial size
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√
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dilated mitochondrion
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√
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abnormal cell physiology
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√
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√
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√
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increased cellular sensitivity to oxidative stress
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√
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decreased cellular glucose uptake
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√
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abnormal mitochondrial physiology
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√
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abnormal respiratory electron transport chain
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√
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growth/size/body
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√
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√
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N
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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growth/size/body region phenotype
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N
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decreased body weight
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√
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√
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√
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√
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slow postnatal weight gain
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√
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weight loss
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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increased susceptibility to weight loss
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√
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hematopoietic system
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√
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√
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√
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increased basophil cell number
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√
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decreased leukocyte cell number
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√
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decreased eosinophil cell number
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√
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decreased monocyte cell number
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√
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abnormal lymphocyte morphology
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√
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decreased lymphocyte cell number
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√
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abnormal microglial cell morphology
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√
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microgliosis
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√
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abnormal spleen morphology
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√
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√
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small spleen
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√
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decreased spleen weight
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√
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√
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abnormal splenic cell ratio
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√
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abnormal splenocyte morphology
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√
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decreased splenocyte number
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√
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abnormal T cell physiology
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√
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abnormal microglial cell physiology
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√
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homeostasis/metabolism
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√
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√
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|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
abnormal circulating hormone level
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
increased circulating corticosterone level
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
decreased circulating insulin level
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
decreased circulating leptin level
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
abnormal energy expenditure
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
edema
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal nitric oxide homeostasis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
increased oxygen consumption
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
abnormal glucose homeostasis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal calcium ion homeostasis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
slow Wallerian degeneration
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
increased cerebral infarct size
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
immune system
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
increased basophil cell number
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
decreased leukocyte cell number
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
decreased eosinophil cell number
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
decreased monocyte cell number
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal lymphocyte morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
decreased lymphocyte cell number
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal microglial cell morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
microgliosis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal spleen morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
small spleen
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
decreased spleen weight
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal splenic cell ratio
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal splenocyte morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
decreased splenocyte number
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal T cell physiology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal microglial cell physiology
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
decreased tumor necrosis factor secretion
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CNS inflammation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mortality/aging
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
N
|
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
mortality/aging
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal survival
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
extended life span
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
premature death
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
|
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
muscle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
abnormal skeletal muscle fiber morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
decreased skeletal muscle fiber diameter
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
centrally nucleated skeletal muscle fibers
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal skeletal muscle fiber type ratio
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
decreased skeletal muscle size
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
skeletal muscle atrophy
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
abnormal muscle physiology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
muscle weakness
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
progressive muscle weakness
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
nervous system
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
|
|
√
|
√
|
N
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
|
√
|
√
|
|
√
|
nervous system phenotype
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal microglial cell morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal brain morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal brainstem morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal midbrain morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal superior colliculus morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal oculomotor nucleus morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal substantia nigra morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
decreased substantia nigra size
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal tegmentum morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal red nucleus morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal globus pallidus morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal hypothalamus morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abnormal thalamus morphology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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√
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abnormal cerebral cortex morphology
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√
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brain vacuoles
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√
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abnormal astrocyte morphology
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√
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gliosis
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√
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√
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√
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microgliosis
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√
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astrocytosis
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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abnormal innervation pattern to muscle
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√
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√
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abnormal corticospinal tract morphology
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√
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abnormal neuron morphology
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√
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abnormal cholinergic neuron morphology
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√
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abnormal synaptic bouton morphology
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√
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abnormal dendrite morphology
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√
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abnormal dendritic spine morphology
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√
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decreased neuron number
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√
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√
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√
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√
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decreased sensory neuron number
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√
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√
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increased neuron number
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√
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abnormal neuromuscular synapse morphology
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√
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abnormal spinal cord morphology
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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abnormal motor neuron morphology
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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abnormal motor neuron innervation pattern
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√
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√
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decreased motor neuron number
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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motor neuron degeneration
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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abnormal spinal cord interneuron morphology
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√
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abnormal ventral interneuron 1 morphology
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√
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abnormal spinal cord ventral horn morphology
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√
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√
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decreased spinal cord ventral horn cell number
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√
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√
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abnormal spinal cord white matter morphology
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√
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decreased spinal cord size
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√
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neurodegeneration
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√
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√
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|
abnormal nervous system physiology
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√
|
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√
|
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|
√
|
|
|
abnormal microglial cell physiology
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√
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increased cerebral infarct size
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√
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CNS inflammation
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√
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|
abnormal action potential
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√
|
√
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abnormal neuron physiology
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|
√
|
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|
slow Wallerian degeneration
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√
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|
abnormal axonal transport
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√
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|
impaired synaptic plasticity
|
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|
√
|
|
|
abnormal CNS synaptic transmission
|
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|
|
√
|
|
|
abnormal excitatory postsynaptic potential
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
abnormal AMPA-mediated synaptic currents
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
abnormal long-term potentiation
|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
reduced long-term depression
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√
|
|
|
abnormal paired-pulse inhibition
|
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√
|
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